Chapter -4

ELECTORAL POLITICS

Ques. 1 What makes an election democratic?

Ans. 1 The conditions of a democratic election are:

1. Everyone should be able to choose. This means that every one should have one vote and every vote should have one value.

2. There should be something to choose from .Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters.-- Multiparty system.

3. The choice should be offered at regular intervals. Elections must be held regularly after every few years.

4. The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.

5. The elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as they really wish.

6. There should be an independent Election Comission in the country.

7. Just before elections any party or minister must not take any important decision,must not make any big promise to the people.

Ques. 2. Why do we need elections?

Ans. 2 In a democracy it is not possible for everyone to sit together everyday and take all the decisions,so the people choose representatives. Also there is no other democratic way of selecting representatives except elections. Therefore we need to conduct elections in democracies. In an election the voters can: 1. Choose who will make laws for them. 2. Choose who will form the government and take major decisions. 3. Choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law making. Through elections, people can also remove leaders who do not work for them.

Ques. 3 What is an election?

And. 3 The mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so to is called an election.

Ques. 4 What unfair practices are used in elections?

Ans. 4 Some unfair practices used in elections are: 1. Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voters list. 2. Misuse of government facilities and officials by the ruling party. 3. Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties. 4. Intimidation of voters and rigging on the polling day.

Ques. 5 What are the demerits of political competition?

Ans. The demerits of political competition are: 1. It creates a sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality. 2. Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another. 3. Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win election. 4. The pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long term policies to be formulated. 5. Some good people who may wish to serve the country do not enter this arena. They do not like the idea of being dragged into unhealthy competition.

Ques 6 What is the difference between a reserved and an electoral constituency?

Ans.  The country is divided into different areas for purpose of· elections known as electoral constituencies. The voters who live in an area elect one representative.  Reserved constituencies are reserved for people who belong to· the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). In a SC reserved constituency only someone who belongs to the Scheduled castes can stand for election

Ques. 7 What are the challenges to free and fair elections?

Ans. There are many limitations and challenges to Indian elections These include: 1. Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over small parties and independent candidates. 2. In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to push others out of the electoral race and to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties. 3. Some families tend to dominate political parties, tickets are distributed to relatives from these families. 4. Very often elections offer little choices to ordinary citizens,for both the major parties are quite similar to each other both in policies and practice. 5. Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties.

 Ques. 8 Explain the following terms:

(a) Rigging-. Fraud malpractices indulged by a party or candidate to increase its votes is called Rigging. It includes stuffing ballot boxes by a few persons using the votes of others, recording multiple votes by the same person; and bringing or coercing polling officers to favour a candidate.

(b) Turnout -Turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast their votes in an election.

 © EPIC Ans. The government has introduced an Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC) and tried to give this card to every person on the voters list. The voters are required to carry this card when they go out to vote, so that no one can vote for someone else but the card it not yet compulsory for voting.

(d) Ticket Ans. Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support for contesting elections. Party’s nomination is often called party ‘ticket’.

(e) Security Deposit Ans. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a nomination form and give some money called Security deposit.

(f) EVM Ans. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are used to record votes nowadays. The machine shows the names of the candidates and party symbols. Independent candidates too have their own symbols, allotted by election officials. All the voter has to do is to press the button against the name of the candidate she wants to give her vote.

Ques. 9 Why do the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich?.

Ans. The poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich because they want laws to be made to improve their conditions .They are hopeful that their representatives will do something for them.

Ques. 10 Mention a few successful slogans by different political parties in different elections.

Ans. 1. “Garibi Hatao” (Remove poverty) was used by the Congress party led by Indira Gandhi in the Lok Sabha elections in 1971. 2. “Save Democracy “was given by the Janata Party in the next Lok Sabha elections held in 1977. 3. “Land to the Tiller” was used by the Left Front in the West Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977. 4. “Protect the Self- Respect of the Telugus” was the slogan used by N.T. Rama Rao, the leader of the Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983.

Ques. 11 Explain the Model Code of Conduct for election campaigns.

Ans. 11 A set of norms and guide lines to be followed by political parties and contesting candidates during election time. According to this no party or candidate can.- 1. Use any place of worship for election propaganda. 2. Use government vehicles, aircrafts and officials for elections. 3. Once elections are annoucned, ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any projects, take any big policy decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities.

Ques. 12 What are the powers and functions of Election Commission of India?

Ans. 12 The powers are:  Even if the ruling party or the govt. does not like what EC does· it is virtually impossible for it to remove the CEC.  During the election period, the EC can order the government to

· follow some guidelines to prevent use and misuse of govt. power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some government officials. The functions are:  EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of

· elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.  It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or

· party that violates it.  When on election duty, government officers work under the

· control of the EC and not the government.

Ques. 13 Discuss the various kinds of elections held in India.

Ans. 13 The Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) elections are held regularly after every five years. Elections are held in all constituencies at the same time, either on the same day or within a few days – General elections. (i) For Lok Sabha elections, the country is divided into 543 constituencies. The representative elected from each constituency is called a Member of Parliament or an MP. (ii) For Vidhan Sabha elections, the elected representative is called the Member of Legislative Assembly or an MLA. Each Parliament constituency has within it several assembly constituencies.  Sometimes election is held only for one constituency to fill the· vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member. This is called by – election.  For Panchayat and Municipal village / town is divided into several· words (like constituencies) each electing one member.

Ques 14. Mention any four laws made by Election Commission with regard to election campaign.

Ans. According to our election law no party or candidate can. 1. Bribe or threaten voters. 2. Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion. 3. Use government resources for election campaigns. 4. Spend more than 25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or Rs. 10 lakh in a constituency in an Assembly elections.

Ques. 15 Discuss the election process.

Ans. The election process is as follows:

 (a) ELECTORAL CONSTITUENCY:- The country is divided into 543 areas for purpose of elections. The voters who live in an area elect one representative.

(b) VOTER’S LIST - The list of those who are eligible to vote in elections is prepared. An Election Photo Identity Card is given to every person whose name is on the voter’s list.

 (c) NOMINATION OF CANDIDATES - Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support. The candidate then has to fill a nomination form and give some money as security deposit. He has to make a legal declaration of criminal cases against them, details of assets and educational qualifications.

 (d) ELECTION CAMPAIGN – It takes place for a two - week period between the announcement of the final list of candidate and the date of polling. During this period the candidates contact their voters. Political leaders address election meetings and political parties mobilize their supporters.

(e) POLLING: Every person whose name is on the voter’s list can go to a nearby polling both. Once the voter goes inside the booth, election officials identify her to cast her vote.

(f) COUNTING OF VOTES- Once polling is over, all the EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place. A few days later, on a fixed date, all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and the votes secured by each candidate who secures the highest number of votes is declared elected.

Ques. 16 What makes Election Commission an Independent body?

Ans. 16 - In our country, elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election Commission (EC). It enjoys the same kind of independence that the judiciary enjoys. The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed, he is not answerable to the President or the Government. Even if the ruling party or the government does not like what the Commission does, it is virtually impossible for it to remove the CEC.

Class-IX (History)

CHAPTER 3

PEASANTS AND FARMERS

Very short answer type questions[1 mark]

1. What is meant by the term British Agricultural Revolution?

The term British Agricultural Revolution describes a period of agricultural developments in Britain between 16th century and mid 18th century which saw a massive increase in agricultural production and net output.

2. Despite availability of labour, why did farmers invest in threshing machines?

Rich farmers invested in threshing machines because

(i) They feared shortage of labour due to Napoleonic.

(ii) Moreover they felt that the available labour was and prone to drinking.

(iii) To reduce dependence on labour and increase efficiency.

3. Why and how were the Native Americans driven westwards?

The white settlers moved westwards as this area held a lot of promise. Forests could be cut to provide land for cultivation, animals hunted for their skin; and mountains mined for their minerals. .

To evacuate Native Americans numerous wars were fought, in which Indians were massacred and their villages burnt. Ultimately they were forced to sign treaties and give up their land.

4. Give any two reasons for the increase in food production in the 19th century.

Food production increased in 19th century because:

(i) More lands were brought under cultivation.

(ii) Landlords sliced pasturelands and carved up open fields.

(iii) Forest commons were cut up and marsh land was made suitable for cultivation.

5. What were the occupations of Native Americans?

(i) Native Americans lived by hunting, gathering and fishing.

(ii) Others cultivated corn, beans, tobacco and pumpkin.

6. Give any two positive results of enclosures on English agriculture.

(i) Enclosures helped bring new land under cultivation.

(ii) Helped increase food production.

(iii) Barren land was made cultivable by clearance of forests and marshes. (Any two)

7. How did the introduction of threshing machines improve agriculture?

Introduction of threshing machines improved agriculture by improving efficiency and reducing costs.

8. How did the British build resources of the state?

The British built the resources of the state by imposing a regular system of land revenue, increasing revenue rates and by expanding area under cultivation at the expense of grazing lands and forests.

9. Name some crops which India under British colonial rule produced for the world market.

The crops which India produced for the world market were-indigo, opium, sugar cane, jute, wheat and several others.

10. Why were Indian farmers pressurised to grow commercial crops?

Indian farmers were pressurised to grow commercial crops to feed the growing urban population of Europe and to meet the growing raw material needs of the mills of Lanchashire and Manchester in England.

11 What commodities was East India Company buying in China, for sale in England?

Tea and silk were the two commodities which East India Company was buying in China, to trade in England.

12. Why did British have a negative balance of payment with China?

The British traders had a negative balance of payment with China because while tea became popular in Britain, England in the late 18th century produced nothing which they could trade to China i.e., persuade the Chinese to buy.

13. What was the cause of anxiety of the English merchants?

The cause of anxiety of the English merchants was the constant outflow of treasure- silver bullion to finance the tea trade.

14. Trade in which commodity helped the English reverse the unfavourable balance of payment with China?

Trade in opium which was produced in India, helped the English reverse the unfavourable balance of payment with China.

15. Where was poppy/opium cultivation done for export to China?

Poppy cultivation was done in Bengal for export to China.

16. Why was the trade in opium illegal?

Trade in opium was illegal because the Chinese Emperor had forbidden its production and sale except for medicinal purposes.

17. Who introduced opium into China in the 16th century?

The Portuguese had introduced opium into China in the 16th century.

18. Why had the Chinese banned the production and sale of Opium?

Except for medicinal purposes the Chinese Emperor had banned the production and sale of Opium because of its addictive properties.

19. Why was Opium trade so important for the British?

Opium trade was important for the British because returns from Opium sale financed the tea purchases in China and helped reverse the unfavourable balance of trade.

20. Why the war between Britain and China (1837-1842) was called the Opium War?

The war was called the Opium War because the primary cause of war was the British illegal trade in Opium.

21. What was the major consequence of the Opium War (1837-1842)?

China was defeated and forced to accept the humiliating terms of the treaties. These unequal treaties forced China to open up for trade with foreign merchants.

22. Expansion of wheat agriculture caused many problems in the Great Plains. Explain.

(i) Expansion of wheat agriculture led to terrifying dust storms in the 1930s. People were blinded and choked, while cattle suffocated to death. (ii) Fences as well as fields were buried by sand. Tractors and machines were clogged with dust and damaged beyond repair.

23. State any one cause of Dust Bowl in Great Plains of USA.

To undertake extensive wheat cultivation to meet world demands, entire landscape was stripped of grass cover. Thus when rains failed year after year and winds blew ferociously the whole region became a dust bowl.

24. Define the term Enclosure.

Fences coming up on common land were termed enclosure.

25. Give one way in which enclosures affected the poor farmers.

With 'Enclosures' the poor farmer lost his customary rights to graze his cattle etc.

26. Why did farmers undertake cultivation of turnip and clover?

Farmers undertook cultivation of turnip and clover because these crops helped enhance the fertility of the soil by increasing the nitrogen content of the soil. Turnip was also a good fodder relished by cattle.

27. What was the attitude of the British Parliament towards the Enclosure Movement?

The early enclosures were not supported by the state but by mid 18th century a number of enclosure acts, which culminated in the General Enclosure Act of 1801 was passed legalising enclosures.

28. State the difference between enclosures of the 16th century and 18th century England.

The 16th century enclosures proceeded slowly and were created by individual landlord with the intention to promote sheep farming.

In the 18th century, unlike the 16th century, there was a frantic effort to enclose lands, signifying changing times. Land was enclosed to promote grain production.

29. What was the occupation of the Native Americans?

The occupation of the Native Americans was largely nomadic. Many lived only by hunting, gathering and fishing. Others cultivated corn, beans, tobacco and pumpkin. Still others were expert trappers of beaver.

30. What was the cause of conflict between the British government and the Indian peasant?

The cause of conflict between the British government and the Indian farmer was the unremunerative price of opium given to the cultivator. The British bought opium at a very cheap price and sold it at a high price to opium agents in China.

Short answer type questions [3 marks]

Q.1. Why were the poor farmers of England against the threshing machines?

 Ans. The poor farmers felt the threshing machines would replace people, would deprive them of their livelihood and render them jobless.

Q2.What was theCaptain Swing Movement?

Ans.Captain Swing was a mythical name used in threatening letters, written by workmen against the use of threshing machines by rich farmers

Q3. Define the following: (a) Enclosure (b) Commons

Enclosure: Enclosing land by building hedges around their holdings to separate their land-holdings from that of others is called Enclosure. This deprived poor farmers of using the commons.

Commons: It was land which belonged to the villagers as a whole. Here they pastured their cows and grazed their sheep, collected fuel wood, fruit and berries. They fished in the rivers and ponds and hunted rabbits in the common forests.

Q.4. ‘Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the English countryside changeddramatically.’ Explain.

Ans.1. Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the English countryside changed dramatically.

 2. Before this time, in large parts of England the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords. It was all open fields and common lands.

3. After the mid-eighteenth century the Enclosure Movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever. Between 1750 and 1850, 6 million acres of land was enclosed.

 Q.5. Why were the Manchus unwilling to allow the entry of foreign goods into China? Ans. The Confucian rulers of China were suspicious of all foreign merchants. They felt that these foreigners would meddle in local politics and disrupt their authority.

Q.6. Explain three factors which led to the Enclosure Movement in England after the Mid-eighteenth century.

Ans. The factors which led to the Enclosure Movement in England were:

 (1) Rapid expansion of population from 7 million in 1750 to 21 million in 1850 and 30 million in 1900.

(2) Increased demand for food grains to feed the growing population.

(3)War with France disrupted trade and import of food grains from Europe. Prices in England skyrocketed, encouraging landowners to enclose lands and enlarge the area under grain cultivation. Profits flowed in and landowners pressurised the parliament to pass the Enclosure Acts.

Q.7 Discuss why the British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts

Ans.1. Till the middle of the eighteenth century the Enclosure Movement proceeded very slowly. The early enclosures were usually created by individual landlords.

2.They were not supported by the state or the Church. After the mid-eighteenth century, however, the Enclosure Movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever. Between 1750 and 1850,

3.6 million acres of land was enclosed. The British Parliament no longer watched this progress from a distance. It passed 4,000 Acts legalising these Enclosures.

Q.8. what was the effect of Enclosure Movement on landlords of England?

Ans. The Enclosure Movement was instrumental in making the rich landlords richer by filling. Due to it, the landlords brought various changes in agricultural methods and technology. The richer farmers expanded grain production, sold this grain in the world market, made profits and became powerful. The poor farmers sold their small land pieces to richer farmers. They left the villages.

Q.9. Enclosure filled the pockets of landlords. What happened to the poor persons who depended on the commons for their survival?

Ans. Enclosures filled the pockets of the rich landlords. When fences came up the enclosed land become the property of one landowner. The poor could no longer collect apples and berries or hunt small animals for meat, nor could they gather the stalkes that lay on the fields after the crop was cut. Everything belonged to the landlord, everything had a price which the poor could not afford to pay. The poor were displaced from the land. They tramped in search of work.From Midlands they moved to the southern countries of England.

Q10. Explain three reasons for Captain Swing riots in English countryside.

Ans.1. Modern agriculture in England: Use of threshing machines deprived workmen of their livelihood.

2. Enclosures: These deprived the poor of the use of the commons which was essential for their survival. The Enclosures barred them from pasteurising their cows

3. Collecting fruits and berries, fuel wood, hunting small animals for food etc., cutting of wages bylandlords and cutting down of workmen. All these factors prompted/induced the poor to start the Captain Swing riots.

Q.11. Discuss the effect of Agricultural Revolution on different sections of people in EnglishCountryside

 Ans. 1.The coming of modern agriculture in England led to many different changes. The open fields disappeared, and the customary rights of peasants were undermined.

2. The richer farmers expanded grain production, sold this grain in the world market, made profits, and became powerful.

3. The poor left their villages in large numbers. Some went from Midlands to the southern countries where jobs were available, others to the cities. The income of labourers became unstable, their jobs insecure, their livelihoods precarious.

Long answer type questions [5 marks]

Q.1. Discuss the factors that led to the Agricultural Depression. What were the consequences of this Depression?

 An1. after the Napoleonic wars had ended, thousands of soldiers returned to the villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive.

2.But this was a time when grain from Europe began flowing into England, prices declined and an Agricultural Depression set in. Anxious landowners began reducing the area they cultivated and demanded that the exports of crops be stopped

3.They tried to cut wages and the number of workmen they employed. The unemployed poor tramped from village to village, and those with uncertain jobs lived in fear of a loss of their livelihood.

4.The Captain Swing riots spread in the countryside at this time. For the poor, the threshing machines had become sign of bad times.

Q.2. Why did the farmers feel the need to introduce mechanisation in agriculture during the Napoleonic wars?

Ans. During the Napoleonic wars, prices of food grains were high and farmers expanded production vigorously. Fearing a shortage of labour, they began buying the new threshing machines that had come into the market. They complained of the insolvency of labourers, their drinking habits and the difficulty of making them work. The machines, they thought, would help them reduce their dependence on labourers.

Q.3. Discuss the westward expansion of the white settlers in America.

Ans. The story of agrarian expansion is closely connected to the westward movement of the white settlers who took over the land. After the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward. By the time Thomas Jefferson became the President of the USA in 1800, over 700,000 white settlers had moved into Appalachian plateau through the passes.

Q.4. What were the problems associated with wheat expansion in USA? Discuss with special reference to mechanisation and ‘dust bowl’.

Ans.1. In the late 19th century, there was a great expansion of wheat cultivation in the USA. With an increase in population. The expansion was made possible by new technology.

2. Implements and tools were modified to suit their needs. Now farmers were using tractors and disk ploughs to clear land for cultivation.

3. Mechanical reapers were used to reap and cut harvest. By the early 20th century, combined harvesters were being used to cut grain.

4. Now with power-driven machinery large tracts of land could be ploughed, seeded, harvested within a short time. But there were problems. Poor farmers were hard to pay the taxes. They could not buy these machines. The bank offered loans but most and they could not repay these loans. Many of them left their farms in search of a job. In addition, terrifying dust storms began to blow, blinding the people, choking the cattle, covering fields, rivers, and machines with dust. This was because the entire area had been ploughed and stripped of grass whose roots could have bounded the soil.

Q.5.Which system was introduced by the British to make the unwilling cultivators produce opium? How did this system work? Discuss with special reference to it being a drawback for the peasants.

Ans. 1. Ever had enough to survive. It was difficult for them to pay rent to the landlord or to buy food and clothing

2. The government's opium agents advanced money to them through the headmen of their village.

3. They felt tempted to accept it, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later date, but the loan paid by the peasants to the headmen and through him to the government.

4. By taking the loan the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specified area of land and hand over the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested.

HOTS:

Q.1. ‘The history of opium production in India was linked up with the story of British trade with China.’ Elaborate.

Ans. 1.The history of opium production in India was linked up with the story of British trade with China. The English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale i England. As tea became a popular English drink, tea trade became more and more important. This created a problem.

2. England at this time was producing nothing that could easily be sold in China. How to finance the tea trade? They searched for such a commodity. The Portuguese had introduced opium into China.

3. Western merchants began an illegal trade in opium. While the English cultivated a taste forChinese tea, the Chinese became addicted to opium.

Q.2. ‘The conflict between the British government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.’ Elaborate.

Ans.1. By 1773, the British Government in Bengal had established a monopoly to trade in opium. No one else was legally permitted to trade in the product. 2. By the 1820s, the British taxed opium production in their territories to make it declining, but it was increasing outside British territories, especially in central India and Rajasthan within princely states, which are not under direct British control. 3. The British tried to stop it. It instructed its agents in princely states to confiscate all opium and destroy the crops. This conflict between the British Government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.

NCERT QUESTIONS

Q1-Explain briefly what the open field system meant to rural people in eighteenth- century England. Look at the system from the point of view of:

(a) A rich farmer

A. The open field system was not beneficial for the rich farmer because he could not have exclusive control of the commons. He could not expand his area under cultivation beyond the strips which were allocated at the beginning of a year.

(b) A labourer

A.This system was beneficial for a labourer because it provided additional sources of livelihood. The labourer could hunt rabbits and catch fish for getting some nutritious food. The commons provided some source of livelihood during off seasons when farm work was not available.

(c) A peasant woman

A.For a peasant woman, the commons provided ample space for collecting firewood, fruits and berries.

Q2 - Explain briefly the factors which led to the enclosures in England.

A: The increased price of wool tempted the rich farmers to usurp the commons. They wanted to improve their sheep breeds to earn more profits. They began making enclosures on the commons land.

After the late eighteenth century, the population of England increased significantly. This was also the time of industrialization. Many people migrated to towns in search of new opportunities. All of this increased the demand for food-grains. These developments hastened the enclosure movement in England.

Q3 - Why were threshing machines opposed by the poor in England?

A.Threshing machines reduced the need for manual labour. After the end of Napoleonic Wars, many soldiers who came back to villages could not find jobs because of threshing machines. For them, the threshing machine was a symbol of joblessness and hence they opposed the threshing machines.

Q. 4 - Who was Captain Swing? What did the name symbolise or represent?

A: Captain Swing was a mythical person. During the riots to destroy threshing machines and farmhouses, the letters left by the rioters carried the signature of Captain Swing. The name symbolized the protest of poor against the rich farmers and against the new technology.

Q5 - What was the impact of the westward expansion of settlers in the USA?

A: After the late eighteenth century, white Americans began to move westward. The displaced local tribes and changed the entire landscape into agricultural belts. Finally, they established control up to the west coast. By the early twentieth century, the landscape of the USA had transformed radically. The USA began to dominate the world market in agricultural produce.

Q 6 - What were the advantages and disadvantages of the use of mechanical harvesting machines in the USA?

A: Combined harvester saved time and manual labour for the farmers. It helped in managing huge farms with minimum number of workers. It improved productivity and profitability of big farmers.

Many poor farmers fell in debt trap because they could not utilize the combined harvester to its full potential. Many of them deserted their farmland and turned into labourers.

Q7 - What lessons can we draw from the conversion of the countryside in the USA from a bread basket to a dust bowl?

A: The conversion of USA countryside from a bread basket to a dust bowl teaches the importance of conservation of the ecosystem. Human development cannot take place at the cost of natural environment.

Q8 - Write a paragraph on why the British insisted on farmers growing opium in India.

A: The British were heavily dependent on China for tea imports. Since the Chinese authority did not allow foreign goods, so the British had to pay for tea in silver and bullions. This had the potential danger of siphoning off the treasure of Britain. Opium could be easily smuggled into China because of a large number of opium addicts. Profit from opium trade could be utilised to finance the tea imports. Hence, the British insisted on farmers to grow opium in India.

Q9 - Why were Indian farmers reluctant to grow opium?

A: Opium production required the use of the best lands which meant diversion of land from cereal and pulses production. Opium cultivation was time consuming which left little time to care for other crops. Most of the farmers did not own land and they had to lease a land for growing opium. The British offered very low price of opium to the peasants. These are the various reasons for Indian farmers’ reluctance to grow opium.

                                               

                                 

                                                SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY

                                                      CHAPTER-2  (Class-X)

Exercise Questions:-
1. Ans (i) has not  (iii) organized  (v) natural
(ii) tertiary (iv) large (vi) interdependent

2.Ans.(a)► (iii) ownership of enterprises            (c► (ii) all final goods and services
(b► (i) primary                                                     (d► (iii) between 50 per cent to 60 per cent

3.Ans 1. (d), 2. (c), 3. (e), 4. (a), 5. (b)

4. Find the odd one out and say why.
Answer (i) Tourist guide
He is appointed by the government, while dhobi, tailor and potter belong to the private sector.
(ii) Vegetable vendor
His is the only profession that does not require a formal education.
(iii) Cobbler
The rest are workers in the public sector, while his profession is part of the private sector.
(iv) SAHARA Airlines
It is a private enterprise, while the rest are government undertakings.

5.  Answer: Organised        2. Unorganised    3. Unorganised 4. 50
The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city is 70%.

6. The classification of economic activities into primary, tertiary and secondary is useful on account of the information it provides on how and where the people of a country are employed. also this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income.
If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this. The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to. Hence it is necessary to classify economic activities into these there sectors for smooth economic administration and development. 

7. Ans For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, one should focus on employment and GDP because these determine the size of a country's economy. A focus on employment and GDP helps determine two important things- per capita income and productivity. Hence, in each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its contribution to the GDP help us understand how that particular sector is functioning and what needs to be done to initiate further growth in it.

8.Ans.Yes, the other issues which should be examined are -
→ Balanced regional development
→ Equality in income and wealth among the people of the country.

→ How to eradicate poverty
→ Modernization of technology
→ Self-reliance of the country
→ How to achieve surplus food production in the country.    

9. Ans The tertiary sector different from other two sectors. This is because other two sectors produce goods but, this sector does not produce goods by itself. But the activities under this sector help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities are an aid or support for the production process. For example, transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade activities etc. For this reason this sector is also known as service sector.  

10. AnsDisguised Unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This situation is also known as Hidden Unemployment.In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required.

For example:

→ In rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in agricultural sector like - in a family of 9 people all are engaged in the same agricultural plot. But if 4 people are with drawn from it there will be no reduction in output. So, these 4 people are actually disguisedly employed.
→ In urban areas, this type of unemployment can be seen mostly in service sectors such as in a family all members are engaged in one petty shop or a small business which can be managed by less number of persons.

11. Ans     Open Unemployment	Disguised unemployment
When a country’s labour force do not get opportunities for adequate employment, this situation is called open unemployment.	This is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but actually they don’t have full employment. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required.
This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector of our country. This is also found among the landless agricultural labourers in rural areas.	This type of unemployment is generally found in unorganized sector where either work is not constantly available or too many people are employed for the same work that does not require so many hands.

12.Ans No, I do not agree with the statement that tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy. The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades. In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003.

13.Ans.The service sector in India employs the following two different kinds of people. They are:
→ The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, people involved in the transportation, storage, communication, finance etc.
→ The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods e.g. teachers, doctors, barbers, cobblers lawyers etc. They may be termed as ancillary workers means those who give services to the primary service providers.

14.Ans.Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. This would be clear from the following points:
→ There is no fixed number of working hours. The workers normally work 10 - 12 hours without paid overtime.
→ They do not get other allowances apart from the daily wages.

→ Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed there.
→ There is no job security.
→ Jobs are low paid the workers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant and unorganized. So they are not in a position to bargain or secure good wages.
→ Being very poor they are always heavily in debt. So, they can be easily made to accept lower wages. 

15.Ans.On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into organized and unorganized sectors.
→ Organized Sector This sector covers those enterprises which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd., GAIL etc.
→ Unorganized Sector It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. Though there are rules and regulations but these are never followed here. For example, casual workers in construction, shops etc. In this sector there is no job security and the conditions of employment are also very tough.

16.Ans.The employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors are vastly different. The organised sector has companies registered with the government and hence, it offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health and other benefits, fixed working hours and extra pay for overtime work. On the other hand, the unorganised sector is a host of opposites. There is no job security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or health insurance, unfixed working hours and no guarantee of safe work environment.

17.Ans.The objective of implementing the NREGA 2005 are:
→ To increase the income and employment of people.
→ Every state/region can develop tourism, regional craft, IT etc. for additional employment.
→ The central government made a law implementing the right to work in 200 districts.
→ NREGA aims to provide employment of 100 days. If it fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.

19.Ans	Well-managed organisation	Badly-managed organisation
Public sector	Delhi Metro Rail Corporation	Air India
Private sector	Reliance Mobile	Satyam

20. Ans. A few examples of public sector activities are provision of water, electricity and some modes of transport. The government has taken these up because water and power are needed by everyone. If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the latter

might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford. Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates.

21. Ans.In the following ways Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation:
→ It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
→ It creates employment opportunities.

→ It generates financial resources for development.
→ It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development.
→ It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries.
→ It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates.
→ Contributes to community development i.e. to the Human Development Index (HDI) via health and educational services. 

22. Ans. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection:→ Wages: Labourers who are employed as repair person, vendor etc. do not have fixed income. They nearly manage to earn their living. They are not employed all through the year.
→ Safety: Workers in unorganized sector are not provided with safe drinking water or clean environment. Eg., Working in mining, chemical industries is hazardous.
→ Health: Leave not granted in case of sickness. Medical facilities are not offered, Eg., Construction workers.

23.  Ans -	Organised Sector	Unorganised Sector	Total
No. of workers	4,00,000	11,00,000	15,00,000
Income (Rs)	32,000 million	28,000 million	60,000 million

It is clear that while a larger portion of workers is working in the unorganized sector, the per capita earning of those in the organized sector is more. The government should encourage the entrepreneurs in the unorganized sector to change them into the organized sector. Moreover, government should introduce some incentives so that more industries could be opened up in the organized sector.

         

24. Ans (i) In 1950,primary sector = 57.97%, secondary sector = 13.77%, tertiary sector = 28.26%
In 2000,
(ii) primary sector = 27.33%, secondary sector = 24.37%, tertiary sector = 48.30%

(iii) We can draw the conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has almost doubled, while that of the primary sector has almost halved. The secondary sector has grown by about 10% in the last five years.