CHAPTER-5

Working Of Institutions

Q.1) Expand and explain ‘SEBC’?
Ans. Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC). SEBC is another name for all those people who belong to castes that are considered backward by the government. The benefit of job reservation was till then available only to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Now a new third category called SEBC was introduced. Only persons who belong to backward castes were eligible for this quota of 27 per cent jobs. Others could not compete for these jobs
Q.2) Who are the important functionaries in the government of India? 
Ans.The important functionaries in the government of India are as follows:
1. President is the head of the state and is the highest formal authority in the country.
2. Prime Minister is the head of the government and actually exercises all governmental powers. He takes most of the decisions in the Cabinet meetings.
3. Parliament consists of two Houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The Prime Minister must have the support of a majority of Lok Sabha members.
 Q.3) What was Mandal commission? Why was it appointed? What was the major Recommendation of this Commission?
Ans.1.The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P. Mandal. Hence it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.
2. It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and economically
backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their
advancement.
3. The Commission gave its Report in 1980 and made many recommendations. One
of these was that 27 per cent of government jobs be reserved for the socially and economically backward classes.
Q.4) State an important promise in the election manifesto of the Janata Dal (party) in 1989 .
Ans. In its election manifesto, the Janata Dal promised that if voted to power, it would implement the Mandal Commission report. The Janata Dal did form the government after this election. Its leader V. P. Singh became the Prime Minister.
Q.5) What was the reaction of the people when the government decided to reserve 27% of the seats for backward classes?
Ans.1. Some felt that existence of inequalities among people of different castes in India necessitated job reservations. They felt, this would give a fair opportunity to those communities who so far had not adequately been represented in government employment.
2. Others felt that this was unfair as it would deny equality of opportunity to those who did not belong to backward communities. They would be denied jobs even though they could be more qualified.
3. Some felt that this would perpetuate caste feelings among people and hamper national unity.
 Q.6) What was the ‘Indira Sawhney and others Vs union case’ and how was it settled?
1. . Some persons and associations opposed and filed a number of cases in the courts
regarding the reservation of jobs for backward classes. They appealed to the courts to declare the order invalid and stop its implementation.
2. The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case was known as the ‘Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case’.
3. Eleven judges of the Supreme Court heard arguments of both sides. By a majority, the Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared that this order of the
Government of India was valid.
4. At the same time the Supreme Court asked the government to modify its original order. It said that well-to-do persons among the backward classes should be excluded from getting the benefit of reservation.

5. Accordingly, the Department of Personnel and Training issued another Office Memorandum on September 8, 1993. The dispute thus came to an end and this policy has been followed since then.
Q.7) What are political institutions?
Some persons have to take decisions on how to go about governmental activities. Others have to implement these decisions. If disputes arise on these decisions or in their implementation, there should be some one to determine what is right and what is wrong. To attend to all these tasks, several arrangements are made in all modern democracies. Such arrangements are called institutions.
Q.8) What is the need for political institutions in a country?
1. Some persons have to take decisions on how to go about governmental
activities.Others have to implement these decisions. If disputes arise on
these decisions or in their implementation, there should be some one to determine what is right and what is wrong.
2. To attend to all these tasks, several arrangements are made in all modern democracies. Such arrangements are called institutions.
3. Governing a country involves various such activities. For example, the
government is responsible for ensuring security to the citizens and
providing facilities for education and health to all. It collects taxes and
spends the money thus raised on administration, defense and development programmes. It formulates and implements several welfare schemes.
Q.9) Mention some of the political institutions in India. What is their main role?
1. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are institutions that take all important policy decisions.
2. The Civil Servants, working together, are responsible for taking steps to
implement the ministers’ decisions.
3. Supreme Court is an institution where disputes between citizens and the
government are finally settled.
 Q.10) What do institutions involve?
1. Institutions involve rules and regulations. This can bind the hands of leaders.
2. Institutions involve meetings, committees and routines. This often leads to delays and complications.

Q.11) Why do democratic governments insist on institutions?
They provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decision. Institutions make it difficult to have a good decision taken very quickly. But they also make it equally difficult to rush through a bad decision. That is why democratic governments insist on institutions.
Q.12) What is parliament?
It is the law making body of a government. In all democracies, an assembly
of elected representatives exercises supreme political authority on behalf of
the people. In India such a national assembly of elected representatives is
called Parliament. It is the body that makes law for the country. At the state level this is called Legislature or Legislative Assembly.
Q.13) What are the various ways by which parliament exercises authority?
1. Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. This task
of law making or legislation is so crucial that these assemblies are called legislatures. Parliaments all over the world can make new laws, change existing laws, or abolish existing laws and make new ones in their place.
2. Parliaments all over the world exercise some control over those who run
the government. In some countries like India this control is direct and full. Those who run the government can take decisions only so long as they enjoy support of the Parliament.
3. Parliaments control all the money that governments have. In most countries the public money can be spent only when the Parliament sanctions it.
4. Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national
policy in any country. Parliament can seek information about any matter.
Q.14) Give examples to prove that, Lok Sabha exercises supreme power.
1. Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses of Parliament. But if there is a difference between the two Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session in which members of both the Houses sit together. Because of the larger number of members, the view of the Lok Sabha is likely to prevail in such a meeting.
2. Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes
the budget of the government or any other money related law, the Rajya
 Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or
suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.
3. Most importantly, the Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the support of the majority of the members in the Lok Sabha is appointed the Prime Minister.
4. If the majority of the Lok Sabha members say they have ‘no confidence’ in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit, the Rajya Sabha does not have this power.
 Q.16) Differentiate between political and permanent executive in a democracy OR
What are the 2 categories of executives in a democracy?
1. The first category is the elected representatives, elected for a specific period. They
are called the political executive. Political leaders, who take the big decisions fall
in this category.
2. In the second category, people are appointed on a long-term basis. This is called
the permanent executive or civil services. Persons working in civil services are
called civil servants. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes.
These officers work under political executive and assist them in carrying out the
day-to-day administration.
Q.17) The political executive have more power than the non-political Executive. Why?
                                            OR

Why is the minister more powerful than the civil servant?
In a democracy the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf. She is finally answerable to the people for all the consequences of her decision. That is why the minister takes all the final decisions
Q.18) How is the Prime Minister appointed? What is the term of his office?
1. The President appoints the Prime Minister. But the President cannot appoint anyone she likes.
2. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister. In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support. The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.
 Q.19) How is the council of ministers appointed?
1. After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President appoints other
ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Ministers are usually from the party or the coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha.
2. The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers, as long as they are members of Parliament. Sometimes, a person who is not a Member of Parliament can also become a minister. But such a person has to get elected to one of the is of the Parliament within six months of appointment as minister.
Q.20) Describe the composition of council of ministers.
Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the Ministers. It usually has 60 to 80 Ministers of different ranks.
1. Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of the major ministries. Usually the Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers. Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It comprises about 20 ministers
2. Ministers of State with independent charge are usually in-charge of smaller
Ministries. They participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited.
3. Ministers of State are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers
Q.21) Why is parliamentary democracy also known as cabinet government in
most countries?
Since it is not practical for all ministers to meet regularly and discuss everything, the decisions are taken in Cabinet meetings. That is why parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet form of government. The Cabinet works as a team. The ministers may have different views and opinions, but everyone has to own up to every decision of the Cabinet.
Q.22) What are the functions and powers of the Prime Minister?
Ans. Prime Minister has wide ranging powers.
1. He chairs Cabinet meetings. He coordinates the work of different Departments.
2. His decisions are final in case of any dispute arises between Departments.
3. He exercises general supervision of different ministries. All ministers work under his leadership.
4. The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers. He also has the power to dismiss ministers. When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits.
5. The Prime Minister controls the Cabinet and Parliament through the party.
Q23.What makes  the president in India a nominal executive?
1. The President supervises the overall functioning of all the political institutions in the country so that they operate in harmony to achieve the objectives of the state.
2. All the major decisions are taken by the council ministers headed by the Prime minister- the role of the president is only to accept it or sign it.
Q.24) How is the president of India elected?
1. The President is not elected directly by the people. All the Members of Parliament(MPs) and Members state Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect her.
2. A candidate standing for President’s post has to get a majority of votes to win the election. This ensures that the President can be seen to represent the entire nation.
3. The President can never claim the kind of direct popular mandate that the Prime Minister can. This ensures that she remains only a nominal executive.
Q.25) State the powers and functions of the president of India
1. All governmental activities take place in the name of the President. All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in her name.
2. Executive power: All major appointments are made in the name of the President. These include the appointment of the Chief Justice of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court and him High Courts of he states, the Governors of the states, the Election commissioners, ambassadors to other countries, etc. All international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the President. The President is the supreme commander of the defense forces of India.
3. Legislative power: A bill passed by the Parliament becomes a law only after the
President gives assent to it. If the President wants, she can delay this for some time and send the bill back to the Parliament for reconsideration
But if the Parliament passes the bill again, she has to sign it.
4. Discretionary power: When a party or coalition of parties secures a clear majority in the elections, the President, has to appoint the leader of the majority party or the coalition that enjoys majority support in the Lok Sabha. When no party or coalition gets a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President exercises her discretion. The President appoints a Prime Minister who in her opinion can must have majority support in the Lok Sabha. In such a case, the President can ask the newly appointed Prime Minister to prove majority support in the Lok Sabha within a specified time.
Q.26) Why do we consider an independent and powerful judiciary necessary for democracies?
We consider an independent and powerful judiciary necessary for democracies because
of the following reasons:-
1. Settling disputes at national level.
2. To judge the actions of the government.
3. To give fair judgment that everyone will trust
4. To accept appeal of people.
Q.27) What is judiciary? What does it consist of?
1. All the courts at different levels in a country put together are called the judiciary.
2. The Indian judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the states, District Courts and the courts at local level.
Q.28) What are the functions of the Supreme Court?
1. It can take up any dispute between citizens of the country
2. It can take up any dispute between citizens and government;
3. It can take up any dispute between two or more state governments; and
4. It can take up any dispute between governments at the union and state level.
5. It can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as the judicial review.
6. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the
Constitution of the country. They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether at the Union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the Constitution.
Q.29) What do you understand by independence of judiciary?
Independence of the judiciary means that judiciary is not under the control
 of the legislature or the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of
the government or according to the wishes of the party in power. That is
why all modern democracies have courts that are independent of the legislature and the executive. India has achieved this.
Q.30) What are the various provisions to make Indian judiciary independent and
impartial?
1. The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by
the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. But once appointed they are free to pass judgment.
2. In practice it now means that the senior judges of the Supreme Court
select the new judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts. There is
very little scope for interference by the political executive.
3. The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is usually appointed the
Chief Justice. Once a person is appointed as judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court it is nearly impossible to remove him or her from that position.
4. A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-thirds members of the two Houses of the Parliament. It has never happened in the history of Indian democracy.
Q.31) What is judicial review?
1. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the
Constitution of the country. They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether at the Union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the Constitution.
2. They can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action
of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as the judicial review.
Q.32) How does judiciary act as a guardian of fundamental rights?
1. The citizens have a right to approach the courts to seek remedy in case of any violation of their rights.
2. In recent years the Courts have given several judgments and directives to protect public interest and human rights.

Q.33) What is public interest litigation?
Any one can approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actions of government. This is called public interest litigation.
Q.34) Why does the judiciary enjoy a high level of confidence among the people?
The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s power to make decisions. They check malpractices on the part of public officials. It is the guardian of fundamental rights. That is why it is said that the judiciary enjoys a high level of confidence among the people.
Q.35. What was the Office Memorandum issued on 13th August 1990 by the
Government of India?
This Order announced a major policy decision. It said that 27 per cent of
the vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India are reserved for the Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC). SEBC is another name for all those people who belong to castes that are considered backward by the government. The benefit of job reservation was till then available only to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Chapter-4

History and sport: The story of cricket

1. What changes were brought in the game of cricket by the MCC’s revision of the laws during the second half of the 18th century?

 Ans. The changes which were brought in the game of cricket by the MCC’s revision of the laws during the second half of the 18th century are as follows: 1) It became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. 2) It also opened new possibilities for spin and swing. In response, batsmen had to master timing and shot selection. 3) The curved bat was replaced with the straight one. All this raised the premium on skill and reduced the influence of rough ground and brute force.

 2. What changes were introduced in the game of cricket during the 19th century?

 Ans. There were many changes introduced in the game of cricket during the 19th century: (a) The rule about wide balls was applied. (b) The exact circumference of the ball was specified. (c) Protective equipments like pads and gloves became available. (d) Boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run. (e) Over-arm bowling became legal.

3. “Although cricket changed with changing times, it fundamentally remained true to its origins in rural England”.

Ans. Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials, i.e. the bat is made of wood as the stump and the bails. The ball is made of leather twines and cork. Even today, both bat and ball are hand made not industrially manufactured. The material of the bat have slightly changed. Earlier it was cut out of a single piece of wood but now it consists of two pieces i.e. blade which is made out of the willow tree and the handle which is made out of cane. Cricket has refused to remake its tools with industrial or man-made materials like plastics, fibre, glass etc.

1. “As hockey and football became international games, yet cricket remained a colonial game”. Why?

 Ans. Unlike hockey and football which became international games, played all over the world, cricket remained a colonial game. Cricket was limited to the countries which became a part of the British empire. The pre-industrial oddness made it a hard game to export. It took root only in the countries which were conquered by the British. In these colonies, cricket was established as a popular sport either by white settlers or by local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters.

2. “C.K. Nayudu was an outstanding Indian Batsman of his time”. Explain.

Ans. C.K. Nayudu was an outstanding batsman of his time. He lives on the popular imagination of the people when some of his great contemporaries like Palwankar Baloo have been cricketer who played in India’s First Test match against England in 1932. His place in India’s cricket who played India’s cricket history is assured because he was the country’s First Test Captain.

3. What was Pentangular tournament? Why did Gandhiji condemn it? When did it come to an end? Ans. Pentangular tournament was played by five teams – the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus the Muslims and the Rest, which comprised all the leftover communities, such as the Indian Christians. Gandhiji strongly condemned the Pentangular as a communally divisive competition that was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population. As it was a colonial tournament, it tied with the Raj.

4. How have advances in technology, especially television technology, affected the development of contemporary game of cricket?

Ans:(a) Kerry Packer’s innovative ideas helped use television technology to develop the image of cricket as a television sport, a marketable game which could generate huge revenue. The opportunity was seized by the satellite technology and multinational television companies to create a global market for the sport. (b) Television expanded the audience and broadened the social base of the game by beaming cricket into small towns and villages. (c) Satellite television technologies helped in gaining wide support and acceptance of these innovations in the game. (d) One-day International matches got popularity and wide acceptance due to television technology. Hence, television along with satellite technology has helped in transform the cricket from a game played and viewed by limited countries and people to a popular world sport.

1. What are the peculiarities of cricket? Mention in brief.
Ans. The peculiarities of cricket as follow: (a) A match can go on for 5 days and still end in a draw. (b) Another peculiarity of cricket is that the length of the pitch is a specified i.e. 22 yards but the size or shape of the ground is not. Most other team sports, such as hockey and football lay down the dimensions of the playing area but cricket does not.

 2. How did Gandhiji view cricket? Or Mention Gandhiji’s ideas on colonial sports.

Ans. Gandhiji believed that sport was essential to make a body healthy. It was essential for creating a balance between the body and the mind. But he did not believe that only sports like cricket, hockey or football could make the body and mind sound. He often emphasized that games like cricket and hockey were imported into India by the British and were replacing the traditional games. He believed that these games represented a colonial mindset and tended to divide people into privileged and non-privileged groups. He stressed that simple exercise while working in the fields was more helpful to keep the body healthy than playing cricket. He wanted to encourage the traditional Indian games. He urged the people of India to revive indigenous games because they were inexpensive and as interesting and exciting as cricket or football. Thus, Gandhiji never approved the colonial games. He always favoured noble indigenous games.

1. What positive changes came to be seen in the history of Indian cricket during one hundred and fifty years? How did it become possible.

Ans. The global market place has made Indian players the best paid, most famous, men for whom the world is a stage. The history that brought about this transition was made up of many smaller changes: (a) The replacement of the gentlemanly amateur by the paid professional. (b) The triumph of the one-day game as it overshadowed Test Cricket in terms of popularity. (c) The remarkable changes in global commerce and technology. One hundred and fifty years ago the scenario was totally different. The Parsis, the first Indian cricketers, had to struggle to find an open space to play in.

2. What were the two great advances in bowling pioneered by Pakistan? Write about them.

Ans. Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowling – the doosra and the ‘reverse swing’. Both skills were developed in response to subcontimental conditions- the doosra to counter aggressive basmen with heavy modern bats who were threatening to make finger-spin obsolete and ‘reverse swing’ to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive cricket under clear skies. Initially, both innovations were greeted with great suspicion by countries like Britain and Australia which saw them as underhanded, illegal bending of the laws of cricket. Afterwards, it came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed for British or Australian conditions of play, and they became part of the technique of all bowlers everywhere in the world.

3. Explain why cricket became popular in India and the West Indies. Can you give reasons why it did not become popular in countries of South America?

Ans. Cricket became popular in India and the West Indies because of the following reasons: (a) Both India and West Indies were a part of British colonial empire. (b) The game was made popular by the white settlers and the local elites. (c) In both these countries cricket was looked upon as a sign of superior social and racial status. (d) In both these countries cricket was a successful sport and became a measure of racial equality and political progress. Cricket did not become a popular sport in the countries of South America because: 1) South American countries were under the influence of American, Spanish and the Portuguese. 2) Unlike other games, cricket remained a British colonial game. 3) The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it hard game to export. Therefore, it took root only in countries that the British conquered and dominated.

1. Which was the first Indian community to start playing the game of cricket? How did it contribute to this game?

Ans. The first Indian community to start playing the game of cricket was the group of Zoroastrians, the Parsis. The Parsis founded the First Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848. Parsi clubs were funded and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and Wadras. The Paris built their own gymkhana in Bombay to play cricket in. The Parsis became the First Indian cricket team to tour England in 1886.

2. Why did Mahatma Gandhi condemn the Pentagular tournament?

The Pentanglar tournament was played by five teams – the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus, the Muslims and the Rest, which comprised all the communities left over, such and the Indian Christians. Gandhiji condemned the Pentangular tournament because it was based on racial and communal foundations. This tournament was communally division competition that was out of place in a time when nationalist were trying to unite India’s diverse population.

3. What important changes occurred in the game of cricket during the 19th century?

 The important changes that occurred in the game of cricket during the 19th century are: (a) The rule about wide balls was applied. (b) The exact circumference of the ball was specified. (c) Boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run. (d) Over-arm bowling became legal.

1. Test cricket is unique game in many ways. Discuss some of the ways in which it is different from other team games. How are the peculiarities of Test cricket shaped by its historical beginnings as a village game?
Ans:Test cricket is a unique game in many ways. It was the first modern team game to give itself rules and regulations. Unlike other team games, it can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other modern team sport takes even half as much time to complete. While most team games (such as hockey and football) specify the dimensions of the playing area, the laws of cricket do not state the specific dimensions of the playing field.
The peculiarities of Test cricket are :
→ A match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other modern day team sport takes even half as much time to complete. Baseball completes nine innings in less than half the time that it takes to play a limited overs match.
→ The length of the pitch is specified (22 yards) but the size or shape of the ground is not. No dimensions of the playing area are mentioned for cricket.

2. Describe one way in which in the nineteenth century, technology brought about a change in equipment and give one example where no change in equipment took place.
Ans:With the changing times technology brought about a change in Cricket equipment but it remained true to its origins:
→ Introduction of pads and protective gloves. These protective equipments came forth as a result of the invention of vulcanised rubber.
→ Cricketing most important tools are made from natural and pre-industrial materials. The bats, even today, are made of wood. Also, they are not factory manufactured, but made by hand.

3. Explain why cricket became popular in India and the West Indies. Can you give reasons why it did not become popular in countries in South America?
Ans:Cricket became popular in India and the West Indies because of its colonial background. British imperial officials used it as a symbol of racial and social superiority. They did not popularise the game for the masses. For the colonised, playing cricket implied being the racial equals of the British. Success at cricket came to imply a measure of racial equality and political progress. On the other hand, the game was not so popular in countries like those of South America since they were not dominated by imperial England.

4. Give brief explanations for the following:
(i) The Parsis were the first Indian community to set up a cricket club in India.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular tournament.
(iii) The name of the ICC was changed from the Imperial Cricket Conference to theInternational Cricket Conference.
(iv) The shift of the ICC headquarters from London to Dubai.
Ans: (i) The Parsis were a small trading community in close contact with the British, and hence, they were the first ones to westernise. During this process of westernisation, they founded the first Indian cricket club, in Bombay, in 1848, called the Oriental Cricket Club.
Ans: (ii) Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular tournament as he felt that it was a divisive competition that went against the need of the hour. At a time when the nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population, the Pentangular tournament divided them on communal lines and the colonial government encouraged these divisions.
Ans: (iii) The name was changed because of decolonisation. This was a process by which the British influence in many areas, one of them sports, declined. Cricket was no longer the monopoly of the imperial powers. Cricket was becoming international. In time, it came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed for British or Australian conditions of play and they became part of the technique of all bowlers, everywhere in the world.
Ans: (iv) The shift of the ICC headquarters from London to Dubai happened on account of India's location in South Asia. Since India has the largest viewership and market for cricket, the balance of power in cricket has shifted from the colonial domain to the decolonised domain. The shifting of headquarters symbolised and formally marked the end of English or imperialist domination over the game.

5. How have advances in technology, especially television technology, affected the development of contemporary cricket?
Ans:Advances in technology, especially television technology, have affected the development of contemporary cricket by making it marketable game:→ Cricket boards sold television rights to television companies and reaped profits.
→ Television channels sold television spots to companies. They aired their commercials and advertised their commodities to a large number of audience. They made huge profits.
→ Continuous television coverage made cricketers celebrities.They became rich. They were paid by cricket boards and also by companies whose commercials they endorsed.
→ Cricket audience expanded. Cricket was taken to the smaller towns. People could watch and learn by imitating their heroes.
→ Coloured uniforms, protective equipments, field regulations, and day-night, limited-overs matches have all helped this pre-industrial, rural game to adapt to the changing modern world.
→ Balance of power shifted to South Asia as most viewership was from here. ICC headquarters shifted from London to tax-free Dubai.

Chapter - 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

Q1. Name the countries which constitute Indo-china.

Ans.1 Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

 Q2. Why the French thought colonies necessary? 

Ans.2 1. Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other essential goods. 2. Like other western nations, France also thought it was the mission of the advanced European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to backward peoples.

Q3.How did French develop their colonies?

Or Why did French begin by building canals and draining land in the Mekong Delta? 

Ans.3 1. The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong Delta to increase cultivation. Their purpose behind was to export rice & earn profit. 2. The vast system of irrigation works-canals and earthworks built mainly with forced labour increased rice production. This was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region.

Q4. What was meant by civilizing mission of the colonies?

Ans.4 French colonization was not based only on economic exploitation. It was also driven by the idea of a 'civilizing mission'. 1. Like the British in India, the French claimed that they were bringing modern civilization to the Vietnamese. They took for granted that Europe had developed the most advanced civilization. 2. So, it became the duty of Europeans to introduce these modern ideas to the colony even if this meant destroying local culture, religions and tradition because these were seen as outdated and prevented modern development.

Q5. What were the fears of the French regarding education?

Ans.5) 1.Education was seen as one way to civilize the 'native' but in order to educate the Vietnamese, the French had to solve. a question" How far the Vietnamese should be educated'? 2. The French needed an educated local labour force but they feared that education might create problems. 3. They feared that educated Vietnamese would question colonial domination/rule/control. 4. French citizens living in Vietnam began fearing that they might lose their jobs as teachers, shopkeepers or policeman if the Vietnamese got educated. 4) The scholar Noam Chomsky called the war 'the greatest threat to peace, to the national self determination, and to international cooperation.' 5) The widespread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to negotiate an end to the war. A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974. This ended conflict with the US but fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF (National Liberation Front) continued. 6) The NLF occupied the presidential palace on Saigon on 30th April 1975 and unified Vietnam.

Q6.What were the two broad opinions on the question of the use of French language in Vietnam among the policy-makers?

Ans.6 1. Some policy makers emphasized the n ed to use the French language as the medium of instruction. By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to e culture and civilization of France. This would tie them with European France. 2. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture, and work for the French. Other policy makers were opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. 1. They 5uggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.. 2. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship.

Q7. Explain: "Only one third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examination"

Ans.7 Only the Vietnamese from the elite class which was a small section of the population could enroll in the schools and only a few among those admitted ultimately pass the school leaving examination because of a deliberate policy of failing students particularly in the final year, so that they could not qualify for the better paid jobs.

Q8, How did the school text books glorified the French and justified colonial rule?

Ans.8. 1) The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward. 2) They were capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection. 3) They could work in the fields but not rule themselves. 4) They were skilled copyist but not creative. 5) The school children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam.

Q9. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin free school. To what extent was it a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam? Ans.9.1). The Tonkin free school was started in 1907 to provide a western style education. 2. Education included classes in Science, Hygiene and French. . 3. The school's approach to what it means to be 'modern' is a good example of the thinking prevalent at that time. 4. The school encouraged the adoption of western styles such as having short hair-cut.

Q10. How did the schools became an important place for political a.nd cultural battle under French rule in Vietnam? What were the fears of Vietnamese intellectuals?

1. The French wanted to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of education. They tried to change the values, norms and thinking of the people, to make them believe in the superiority of French civilization and the inferiority of the Vietnamese. 2. Fears of Vietnamese intellectuals a) Vietnam was losing not only the control over its territory but its very identity and its own culture. Customers were being devalued and the people were developing a master slave mentality. . b) The Battle against French colonial education became part of the larger battle against colonialism and for independence.

Q11. Mention how health and hygiene became one of the ways to fight against colonialism.

Ans:11 l. When the French set about creating a modern Vietnam, they decided to rebuild Hanoi. In 1903, the moderp part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague. 2. To stem Rat invasion, a rat hunt was started in 1902.The French hired Vietnam workers and paid them for each rat they caught. Rats began to be caught in thousands. 3. On 30 May, for' instance 20,000 were caught put still there seemed to be no end. For the Vietnamese the rat hunt seemed to provide an early lesson i n the success of collective bargaining. 4. Those who did the dirty work of entering sewers found that if they came together they could negotiate a higher bounty. 5 . They also discovered innovative ways to profit from the situation. The bounty was paid when a tail was given as proof that a rat has been killed. So the rat catchers took to just clipping the tails and releasing the rats so that the process could be repeated, over again.

Q12. What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feeling in Vietnam? Ans.12 Vietnamese Religious Beliefs Vietnam's religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Christianity; introduced by French missionaries was tolerant .of this easy going attitude and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to believe in the supernatural as something to be corrected. Scholars Revolt From the 18th century many religious movements were hostile to the western presence. An early movemet against French control and the spread of Christianity; was the scholars revolt in 1868. General Uprising This revolt was led by officials at the Imperial Court angered by the spread of Com­ and French power. They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed. The movement was crushed. Hao Hao Movement Another movement, known as Hao Hao, was launched by Huynh Phu So. Though the French declared him mad, put him in mental asylm and sent many. of his followers in the concentration camps, they could not crush the sentiments and the patriotic feelings of the nationalists.

Q13. what was Phan Chu Trinh's objective for Vietnam?. How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau? What did they share in common?

Ans.13 COMMON Both Phan Chu Trinh and Phan Boi Chau were great nationalists of Vietnam. Both had the same objective to establish democratic republic in Vietnam. 1. Phan Boi Chau: He was a great nationalist He was educated in the Confucian tradition. He became a major figure in the anti-colonial resistance from the time he formed the Revolutionary1 Society (Duty Tan Hoi) with Prince Cuong De as the head. H e was of the opinion that the monarchy should be used and should not be abolished. 2. Phan Chu Trinh : He strongly differed with Phan Boi Chau. He was intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court His desire was to establish democratic republic influenced by the democratic ideals of the west he did not want a wholesale rejection of western civilization. He accepted the French revolutionary ideal, of liberty but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal. .He demanded that French set up legal and educational institutions and develop agriculture and industries.

Q14. Write short note on Go East Movement'.

Ans.14 In the first decade of the 20th century a 'Go East Movement' became popular. In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to acquire modern education. 1. Fr many of them the pr any-objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor: and re establish the Nguyen dynasty removed by the French 2. These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help. They appealed to the Japanese for help. 3. Japan had modernized itself and had resisted colonization by the west 4. Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo but after 1908, the Japanese Ministry stopped them to do so. Many, including Phan Boi Chau, wee deported and forced to seek exile in China and Thailand.

Q15. Discuss the influence of china on Vietnam's culture and life.

Ans.15 Vietnam was linked to China. By the meantime Silk Route brought in goods, people and ideas. 1. In ancient times many people in Vietnam lived under the shadow of the powerful empire of China. Even when Vietnam was made independent country, its rulers continued to maintain the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture. 2. Many preachers of Confucianism visited from time to time and converted many Vietnamese to their religion. 3. The imperialist powers constructed trans-Indo china rail and road network which brought the two people closure to each other.

Q16. What was the impact of the Great Depressions of the 1930s on Vietnam?

Ans.16 The Great Depression of 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. 1) The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprising, such as the provinces of NghaAn and He Tinh. 2) These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the electrical fuses of Vietnam when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.

Q17. How was the Indo-Chinese community party established?

Ans.17 In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese communist party. [Vietnam Cong San Dang] later renamed the Indo-China Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European Communist parties.

Q18. What were the challenges faced, by the New Republic of Vietnam?

 Ans.18 a. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor Bao Dai, as their puppet faced with the French offensive. The Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

 b. In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and South were split. Ho Chi Minh and the communist took power in the North while Bao Dai's regime was put in power in the South.

c. This division set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battle field bringing death and destruction to its people as well as the environment. d. The Baa Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem. He built a repressive and authoritarian government.

Q19. Explain the causes of the U-S involvement in the war in Vietnam.

Ans.19A) The USA was haunted by the fear of the spread of communism which to her was a potent danger to the capitalist world. USA was ready t9 fight against communism in any part of the world. So when communism raised in Vietnam, USA entered the war B) so the war grew out of a fear among US policy planners that the victory .of Ho chi Minh Government would start a power domino effect and communist govt. would be established in other countries of the W9rld. They underestimated the of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country.

Q20. What role did the US media and films play during the US Vietnam war?

Ans.20 The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as well as criticizing the war. 1) Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John's Wayne's Green Berets (1968). This has been cited by many as an example of an unthinking propaganda film that was responsible for motivating many young men to die in the war. 2) Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reason for this war. John Ford coppolo's Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that he war had caused in the U.S.

Q21. What effect did the involvement of US in the war have on life within the US itself? Ans.21 The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were against the government for getting involved in a war as they saw as indefensible. When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces [however could be waived for universities graduates]. This meant that many of those sent to fight did not belong to the privileged elite but were minorities and children of working class families. The US media and films played a major role in supporting as well as criticizing for the war.

Q22. Write short note on the evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of a porter on the Ho ChiMinh trail.

Ans.22 The US - Vietnamese war (165-75) was one of the most disastrous for both the countries as regard, money, men and materials. The US bombers destroyed the villages of Vietnamese and killed them in thousands. But with the spirit of nationalism the Vietnamese fought bravely against the mighty and super power of the world. They sacrificed their homes and family and lived under horrifying conditions and fought for independence. The porters too, played a crucial role in fighting against the most technologically advanced country in the world. They used the Ho Chi Minh trait - the immense network of roads and footpaths most heroically. The trail had support bases and hospital along the way. Supplies were transported and carried by porters, who were mostly women. These porters carried about 25 kilos on their backs or about 70 kilos on their bicycles. The US regularly bombed the trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. Most of the trail was outside Vietnam neighboring Loos and Cambodia with branches lines extending into South Vietnam.

Q23. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam. Compare this.

Ans.23

 WOMEN AS WARRIORS

In the 1960, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. There were picture of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as brave and dedicated 1) Nguyen Thin Xvan for instance, was reputed to have shot down a jet with just twenty bullets. 2) As casualties in the war increased in 1960s women were urged to join the struggle in large numbers. 3) Many women responded and joined the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. Along the Ho Chi Minh trail young volunteers kept open 2195 km of strategic roads and guarded 2500 key points. They built six air strips, neutralized tens of thousands of bombs, transported cargo and shot down 15 planes.

 COMPARISON BETWEEN VIETNAMESE WOMEN & INDIAN

The Vietnamese women displayed great- heroism and patriotism in their fight against imperialist power. But Indian women equally proved their bravery against British rule. Rani Laxmi Bai, Vijaya Laxmi Pandit, Aruna Asif Ali, Smt. Indira Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Nehru and many others whose names cannot be forgotten and who adorn the pages of the history' of national struggle for independence. Rani Gaidilu at the very young age of 13 raised revolt against the British rule but was captured in 1932 and remained in jail up to 1947.Women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, picketed foreign cloth and went to jail.

Q24. Write short note on the end of US-Vietnam war.

Or How did the war came to an end?

Or Why it is called as first television war?

 Ans.24 The long war created strong reactions even within the US. It was clear that the US had failed to achieve its objectives. The Vietnamese resistance had been crushed, the support of the Vietnamese people for US action had not been won. 1) In the meantime, thousands of young US soldiers had lost their lives, and countless Vietnamese civilians had been killed. 2) This was war that has been called the first television war. Battle scenes were shown on the daily news programs. 3) Many became disillusioned with what the US was doing and writers such as Mary McCarthy, and actors like Jane Fonda even visited North Vietnam and praised their heroic defense of the country. 4) The scholar Noam Chomsky called the war 'the greatest threat to peace, to the national self determination, and to international cooperation. 5) The widespread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to negotiate an end to the war. A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974. This ended conflict with the US but fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF (National Liberation Front) continued. 6) The NLF occupied the presidential palace on Saigon on 30th April 1975 and unified Vietnam.

Q25. Write a short note on Huynh Phu so or Hao Hao movement.

Ans.25 Hao Hao movement began in 1939 and gained great popularity in the fertile Mekong delta area. It drew on religious ideas popular in anti French uprisings of the 19th century. 1) Huynh Phu So was the founder of Hao movement He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal. He also opposed the sale of brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. 2) The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So. They declared him mad, called him the mad bonze, and put him in a mental asylum. Interestingly, the doctor who, had to prove him became his follower, and finally in 1941. Eve n the French doctor declared that he was sane. The French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

Q26. Explain the following terms

1) Concentration camp: A prison where people are detained without due process of law. The word speaks of a place of torture and brutal treatment.

 2) Syncretic : Aims to bring together different beliefs and practices, essential unity rather than their difference,

3) Indentured Labour: A form of labour widely used in plantations from the mid 19th century. Labourers worked on the basis of contracts that did not specify and rights of labourers but gave immense power to employers. Employers could bring criminal charges against labourers and punish and jail them for non-fulfillment of contract.