History notes,Class-X

Chapter-3

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

QUESTION /ANSWER

 LESSON-1. THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOERATION

 Q1. How did the first world war help in the growth of National Movement in India

Ans. 1. The war created a new political and economic situation. 2. War led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes like custom duties and introduction of Income tax. 3. Increase in price between year 1913-1918- leading to extreme hardship for the common people. 4. Forced recruitment - Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused anger among villagers. 5. Failure of crops in 1918-1919 and 1920-21, led to acute shortage of food. 6. Spread of Epidemic - Acc. To the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of the famines and the epidemic.

Q2. When did Gandhiji come to India ? Discuss his new mode of struggle.

Ans. 1. Mahatama Gandhiji came to India in January 1915. 2. His new mode of struggle was satyagraha. 3. The idea of satyagraha emphsised the power of truth and need to search for truth. 4. Acc. To satyagraha , if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. 5. Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win battle through nonviolence.

Q3. What was the Rowlatt Act ?

Ans. 1. It was an act which gave the government enormous power to repress political Activities. 2. It allowed that govt. could arrest anybody without a trial for two years.

 Q4. Discuss the Indians reaction to the Rowlatt Act. How did the british suppress their movement.

Ans. 1. Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. 2. The alarmed British admi9nistration responded by repressive measures. Like local leaders were picked up from Amritsar Mahatama Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi, on 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession. 3. Martial law was imposed .

Q5. How did Jallianwala Bagh incident take place ?

Ans. 1. On 13 April , a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. 2. Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. 3. Gen. Dyer entered the area , blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. 4. His object was to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror .

Q6. What was Khilafat Movement ?

Ans. 1. The First world war had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. 2. There was rumour that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman empire- the spiritual head of the Islamic world the calipha would be over thrown . 3. To defend the power of Khalifa, a Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. 4. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brother Muhammad Ali and And Shaukar Ali started Khilafat movement with the support of Gandhiji against the injustice done to the Khalifa.

Q7. Why did Gandhiji launch Non- cooperation movement ?

Ans. 1. Acc. To Gandhiji , the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. 2. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year , and sawraj would come.

Q8. How could non- cooperation become a movement ?

Ans. 1. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. 2. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the govt. awarded, and a boycott of civil service, army, police, courts, and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods. 3. In case the govt. used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign woul be launched.

Q9. Why was non-cooperation movement withdrawn by Gandhiji ?

Ans. 1. Chauri- chaura is a small town in Uttar Pradesh. 2. The non-cooperation movement was at its peak. It had evoked country wide. 3. The non-cooperation movement was designed as non-violent movement. 4. But in Chauri-Chaura, people turned violent and set fire to police station. It caused the death of 22 policemen. 5. Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation movement on the account of the violence.

 LESSON-2 DIFFERENT STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT

Q1. Why did non-cooperation movement gradually slowed down in the cities ?

 Ans. The non-cooperation movement in cities allowed down for a variety of reasonsa. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. b. The boycott of British institution posed a problem , for the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of British ones. These were slow to come up. c. So , the teachers and students began trickling back to govt. schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts. Q1. When did Non-cooperation – Khilafat Movement begin ? Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement began in Jan 1921.

Q2. Why was Non-Cooperation movement launched ?

Ans. a. To protest against the Jallianwala Bagh incident. b. To support the demand for swaraj as well as Khilafat.

Q3. Describe in brief , the non-cooperation movement in the towns.

Ans. Participants- The movement started with middle class people. Activities - Students leftgovt. Controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned andm lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted min most provinces except Madras. Effects – foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922. Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. Indians discarded imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, as a result production of Indian Textile mills and handlooms went up.

 Q4. Why did non-cooperation slow down in the cities ?

 Ans. 1. Non-cooperation Movement gradually slowed down because Khadi was more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. 2. There were no alternative Indian Institution which could be used in place of the British ones. 3. So students and teachers began going back to govt. schools and lawyers joined back work in govt. court.

Q5. Describe , in brief, the movement of Awadh peasants .

 Ans. Leader - Baba Ramchandra – He was a sanyasi . He had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. Why they joined the movement :- They launched the movement against rich landlords and talukadars who demanded high land revenue and other cesses. Peasants were forced to perform beggar on the land of the talukadars. The peasants demanded reduction of land revenue and abolition of beggar. Movement- Nai-dhobi bandh were organized by panchayat to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen. Congress support to Awadh peasants – The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by J.L. Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. Over 300 branches of it had been set up in the villages around the region.

Q6. Why was the Congress unhappy with peasants movement ?

Ans. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukadars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grains hoards were taken over, The local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be pid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all action and aspirations.

Q7. Describe in brief the Tribal peasants (Gudem Hills)movement.

 Ans. Reason – a. The tribals were suffering from various miseries , the colonial govt. had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle , or to collect fuelwood and fuel. b. The traditional tribal rights were being denied. c. The govt. forced the hill people to contribute begar for road building. d. All these enraged the tribals and they revolted. Leader - The tribal movement was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers. He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. The rebels proclaimed he was an incarnation of God. Movement/Activities- The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju captured and executed in 1924, and overtime became a folk hero.

Q8. Explain the condition of the plantation workers during the colonial rule. Describe in brief their movement against british.

Ans. a. Workers in plantations had to live and work under harsh conditions. b. They were confined within enclosed areas- freedom of movement was restricted. c. Inland Emigration Act (1859) – Under this act, tea plantations workers were not permitted to leave the tea garden without permission Movement – When they heard of the non-cooperation movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone could be given land in their own villages.They stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up

LESSON-3 TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

 Q1. Examine the role of following in the Civil- disobedience Movement What were their hopes and expectation for the civil – disobedience movement.

a.    The rich peasants

b.    . The poor peasants

c. The businessmen

d. Industrial working class

e. Women

a. The Rich Peasants - i. The rich peasant communities- like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh- were active in the movement. ii. They were the producers of commercial crops, they were depressed by the trade depression and falling prices. iii. As their cash income disappeared , they found it impossible to pay the govt. revenue’s demand . iv. The refusal of the govt. to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. v. Thus , these rich peasants became supporters of the civil disobedience movement.

b. The poor Peasants – i. the Poor peasants were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords. ii. As the depression continued and their incomes fell, they found it difficult to pay the rent. iii. For them, the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high rents. iv. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted. v. The congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent campaigns’ because they felt that it might upset the rich peasants and landlords.So the relationship between the poor peasants and the congress remained uncertain.

c. The Business Class: During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful. ii. They were keen on expanding their business , so they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. iii. To organize business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of commerce and Industries (FICCI) iv. Purushottamdas Thakurdas and G.D.Birla , the industrialist attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. v. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

d. The Industrial working class. They did not participate in the Civil disobedience movement. ii. As the Industrialist came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof. iii. Some workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience movement, selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian Programme, like boycott of foreign goods. iv. Their movement was against low wages and poor working condition. v. Their were strikes by railway workers and dockworkers. vi. In Chotanagpur tin mines , workers wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns. vii. The congress was not interest in including worker’s demand as part of its programme of struggle because they knew that such issues might upset the businessmen.

 e. The women:Thousand of women came out of their homes to listen Gandhiji and participated in Salt March. ii. They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. iii. They went to jail. iv. These women were from high-caste families in urban areas. v. In rural areas they came from rich peasant households. vi. The Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority, it was keen only on their symbolic presence.

LESSON-3 TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

Q1. Why was Swaraj Party formed ? Ans. 1. In Feb 1922, ,Mahatama Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. 2. Within the congress leaders were not by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that h ad been set up by the Govt. of India Act of 1919. 3. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils . 4. That is why they formed the ‘Swaraj Party’ within the congress to argue for a return to council politics.

Q2. Mention two features that shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s.

Ans. 1. Due to the effects of the worldwide economic depression, agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1926. 2. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay their revenue.

 Q3. Why was Simon Commission set to India ?

Ans. 1. The New Tory govt. in Britain constituted a statutory commission under Sir John Simon . 2. The commission was sent to India to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. 3. It arrived in India in 1928.

Q4. Why and how was the Simon Commission opposed by the Indians ?

Ans.. 1. The simon commission was boycotted by the Indians because the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British. 2. When the simon commission arrived in India, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’. 3. All parties , including the congress and the Muslim league, participated in the demonstrations.

Q5. What did Lord Irwin do to win Indians ?

Ans. 1. In an effort to win Indians, the viceroy ,Lord Irwin , announced in Oct 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future , and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. 2. He invited political parties in a ‘ Round table conference ‘ to discuss a future constitution.

Q6. What is the difference between Non-cooperation and Civil disobedience movement ? Ans. During the Non-Cooperation movement people were asked not to cooperate with the British. But during the Civil disobedience movement people were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break the colonial laws.

Q7. Describe the different features of the civil disobedience movement .

Ans. 1. People in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of govt. salt factories. 2. Foreign cloth was boycotted , and liquor shops were picketed. 3. Peasants refused to pay revenue, and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned. 4. Forest people violated forest laws- going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

Q8. What did British Govt. do to control Civil disobedience movement ? How did Indian nationalist then reacted ?

 Ans. 1. They began to arrest the Congress leaders like Abdul Ghaffar Khan Ia devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. Then angry Indians demonstrated in the street of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed. 2. Mahatma Gandhi ji was arrested a month later, then industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations- all structures that symbolized British rule. 3. Peaceful satygrahis were attacked , women and children were beaten, and about 1 lakh people were arrested.

Q9. What was Gandhi-Irwin Pact ?

Ans. 1. When British govt responded with a policy of brutal repression against the Civil disobedience movement. Mahatama Gandhiji decided to call off the movement. 2. He entered into a pact with Irwin on 5th March 1931. 3. Under this pact , Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London. 4. The British Govt. agreed to release the political prisoners.

Q10. Why was Second Round table Conference failed ?

Ans. 1. It was attended by the Indian princes and the representatives of the communal parties, each of them had their own individual agenda. 2. Gandhiji, as a representative of the Congress , represented the national movemtn. 3. The British Govt. refused to concede the demand for a dominion status to India. 4. The talks broke down and Gandhiji returned to India to revive the Civil disobedience Movement.

 LESSON-4 SENSE OF BEONGINGNESS

Q1. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop A sense of collective belonging ?

Ans.. 1. The sense of belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. 2. There were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. 3. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. 4. Nationalism spread when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.

Q2. How did figure or image symbolizing nation unite the people ?

 Ans. 1. Figure or image of nation or we can say image of Bharat Mata helps to create a feeling of belongingness with the nation. 2. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, which helped a lot in the growth of nationalism . that the identity of the India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. 3. Abanindranath also painted his first image of Bharat mata, Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

Q3.. How did idea of nationalism develop through a movement to revive Indian folklore ?

Ans. 1. In late 19th century India, nationalists began recording folktales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. 2. These tales , they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by the outside forces. 3. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past. 4. In Bengal Rabindranath Tagore himself collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival.

Q4. How did national flag become symbol in unifying people ?

Ans. 1. As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people. 2. During the swadeshi movement in Bengal, tricolour flag(red,green, and yellow) was designed. It had 8 lotuses representing 8 provinces of British India, and had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. 3. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag, It was a tricolour (red,green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self help. 4. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

Q5. How did ‘Reinterpretation of history’ create a feeling of nationalism ?

 Ans. 1. By the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history should be reinterpreted. 2. The british saw India as backward and primitive incapable of governing themselves. 3. In response, Indians began looking into the past to disvocer India’s great achievements. 4. Indians started writing about the glorious developments in ancient times, how art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished. 5. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonized. SOURCE PAGE 55 :-

Q1. Who explained Satyagraha ? Ans. Gandhiji

Q2. Define satyagraha.

Ans. Satyagraha is a pure soul force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. It implies Non-violence. Q3. Is the satyagraha a weapon of the weak ? Ans. Non violence is Active resistance, it calls for intense activity. It can be used by strong only. Q4. What is Non-violence ? Ans. It is the supreme drama. No one should hit others. SOURCE PAGE 59 :- Q1. Why was J.L. Nehru stopped by the police ? Ans. He was stopped by the police, so that the law and order should not be disturbed . Q2. Who behaved as brave man ? Ans. The peasants.

Q3. Who was the great leader about whom Nehru Ji thought ?

Ans. Gandhiji was the Great Leader. Q4. What was the moment , when Nehru ji’s blood was up ? Ans. When police stopped Nehru ji, he became agitated and angry.

SOURCE PAGE 63 :-

 Q1. Mention the year of the Independence day Pledge. Ans. 26 January, 1930 at Lahore Session.

Q2. What is the inalienable right of the Indian people. Ans. To have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life.

Q3.. How British Govt. ruined and exploited India on different points ?

Ans. They exploited the masses and has ruined India, economically , politically, and Culturally.

 Q4. How can we get Purna Swaraj ? Ans. India must sever the British connection to attain Purna Swaraj.

Q5. In what two ways the British rule in India oppressive ?

 Ans. The British Govt. deprived the Indian people of their freedom and also exploited them economically.

SOURCE PAGE 69

Q1. Who spoke above words ?

 Ans. Sir Mohd. Iqbal , Presidence of the Muslim League .

Q2. What did he think about the units of Indian Society ?

Ans. In his opinion the units of the Indian society were not territorial as in the European countries.

Q3. Why did he wanted to retain separate electorates for the Muslims ?

Ans. Because of their (Muslims) general economic inferiority, enormous debts and their insufficient majority to justify the demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India.