Chapter - 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

Q1. Name the countries which constitute Indo-china.

Ans.1 Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

 Q2. Why the French thought colonies necessary? 

Ans.2 1. Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other essential goods. 2. Like other western nations, France also thought it was the mission of the advanced European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to backward peoples.

Q3.How did French develop their colonies?

Or Why did French begin by building canals and draining land in the Mekong Delta? 

Ans.3 1. The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong Delta to increase cultivation. Their purpose behind was to export rice & earn profit. 2. The vast system of irrigation works-canals and earthworks built mainly with forced labour increased rice production. This was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region.

Q4. What was meant by civilizing mission of the colonies?

Ans.4 French colonization was not based only on economic exploitation. It was also driven by the idea of a 'civilizing mission'. 1. Like the British in India, the French claimed that they were bringing modern civilization to the Vietnamese. They took for granted that Europe had developed the most advanced civilization. 2. So, it became the duty of Europeans to introduce these modern ideas to the colony even if this meant destroying local culture, religions and tradition because these were seen as outdated and prevented modern development.

Q5. What were the fears of the French regarding education?

Ans.5) 1.Education was seen as one way to civilize the 'native' but in order to educate the Vietnamese, the French had to solve. a question" How far the Vietnamese should be educated'? 2. The French needed an educated local labour force but they feared that education might create problems. 3. They feared that educated Vietnamese would question colonial domination/rule/control. 4. French citizens living in Vietnam began fearing that they might lose their jobs as teachers, shopkeepers or policeman if the Vietnamese got educated. 4) The scholar Noam Chomsky called the war 'the greatest threat to peace, to the national self determination, and to international cooperation.' 5) The widespread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to negotiate an end to the war. A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974. This ended conflict with the US but fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF (National Liberation Front) continued. 6) The NLF occupied the presidential palace on Saigon on 30th April 1975 and unified Vietnam.

Q6.What were the two broad opinions on the question of the use of French language in Vietnam among the policy-makers?

Ans.6 1. Some policy makers emphasized the n ed to use the French language as the medium of instruction. By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to e culture and civilization of France. This would tie them with European France. 2. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture, and work for the French. Other policy makers were opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. 1. They 5uggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.. 2. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship.

Q7. Explain: "Only one third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examination"

Ans.7 Only the Vietnamese from the elite class which was a small section of the population could enroll in the schools and only a few among those admitted ultimately pass the school leaving examination because of a deliberate policy of failing students particularly in the final year, so that they could not qualify for the better paid jobs.

Q8, How did the school text books glorified the French and justified colonial rule?

Ans.8. 1) The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward. 2) They were capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection. 3) They could work in the fields but not rule themselves. 4) They were skilled copyist but not creative. 5) The school children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam.

Q9. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin free school. To what extent was it a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam? Ans.9.1). The Tonkin free school was started in 1907 to provide a western style education. 2. Education included classes in Science, Hygiene and French. . 3. The school's approach to what it means to be 'modern' is a good example of the thinking prevalent at that time. 4. The school encouraged the adoption of western styles such as having short hair-cut.

Q10. How did the schools became an important place for political a.nd cultural battle under French rule in Vietnam? What were the fears of Vietnamese intellectuals?

1. The French wanted to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of education. They tried to change the values, norms and thinking of the people, to make them believe in the superiority of French civilization and the inferiority of the Vietnamese. 2. Fears of Vietnamese intellectuals a) Vietnam was losing not only the control over its territory but its very identity and its own culture. Customers were being devalued and the people were developing a master slave mentality. . b) The Battle against French colonial education became part of the larger battle against colonialism and for independence.

Q11. Mention how health and hygiene became one of the ways to fight against colonialism.

Ans:11 l. When the French set about creating a modern Vietnam, they decided to rebuild Hanoi. In 1903, the moderp part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague. 2. To stem Rat invasion, a rat hunt was started in 1902.The French hired Vietnam workers and paid them for each rat they caught. Rats began to be caught in thousands. 3. On 30 May, for' instance 20,000 were caught put still there seemed to be no end. For the Vietnamese the rat hunt seemed to provide an early lesson i n the success of collective bargaining. 4. Those who did the dirty work of entering sewers found that if they came together they could negotiate a higher bounty. 5 . They also discovered innovative ways to profit from the situation. The bounty was paid when a tail was given as proof that a rat has been killed. So the rat catchers took to just clipping the tails and releasing the rats so that the process could be repeated, over again.

Q12. What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feeling in Vietnam? Ans.12 Vietnamese Religious Beliefs Vietnam's religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Christianity; introduced by French missionaries was tolerant .of this easy going attitude and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to believe in the supernatural as something to be corrected. Scholars Revolt From the 18th century many religious movements were hostile to the western presence. An early movemet against French control and the spread of Christianity; was the scholars revolt in 1868. General Uprising This revolt was led by officials at the Imperial Court angered by the spread of Com­ and French power. They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed. The movement was crushed. Hao Hao Movement Another movement, known as Hao Hao, was launched by Huynh Phu So. Though the French declared him mad, put him in mental asylm and sent many. of his followers in the concentration camps, they could not crush the sentiments and the patriotic feelings of the nationalists.

Q13. what was Phan Chu Trinh's objective for Vietnam?. How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau? What did they share in common?

Ans.13 COMMON Both Phan Chu Trinh and Phan Boi Chau were great nationalists of Vietnam. Both had the same objective to establish democratic republic in Vietnam. 1. Phan Boi Chau: He was a great nationalist He was educated in the Confucian tradition. He became a major figure in the anti-colonial resistance from the time he formed the Revolutionary1 Society (Duty Tan Hoi) with Prince Cuong De as the head. H e was of the opinion that the monarchy should be used and should not be abolished. 2. Phan Chu Trinh : He strongly differed with Phan Boi Chau. He was intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court His desire was to establish democratic republic influenced by the democratic ideals of the west he did not want a wholesale rejection of western civilization. He accepted the French revolutionary ideal, of liberty but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal. .He demanded that French set up legal and educational institutions and develop agriculture and industries.

Q14. Write short note on Go East Movement'.

Ans.14 In the first decade of the 20th century a 'Go East Movement' became popular. In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to acquire modern education. 1. Fr many of them the pr any-objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor: and re establish the Nguyen dynasty removed by the French 2. These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help. They appealed to the Japanese for help. 3. Japan had modernized itself and had resisted colonization by the west 4. Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo but after 1908, the Japanese Ministry stopped them to do so. Many, including Phan Boi Chau, wee deported and forced to seek exile in China and Thailand.

Q15. Discuss the influence of china on Vietnam's culture and life.

Ans.15 Vietnam was linked to China. By the meantime Silk Route brought in goods, people and ideas. 1. In ancient times many people in Vietnam lived under the shadow of the powerful empire of China. Even when Vietnam was made independent country, its rulers continued to maintain the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture. 2. Many preachers of Confucianism visited from time to time and converted many Vietnamese to their religion. 3. The imperialist powers constructed trans-Indo china rail and road network which brought the two people closure to each other.

Q16. What was the impact of the Great Depressions of the 1930s on Vietnam?

Ans.16 The Great Depression of 1930s had a profound impact on Vietnam. 1) The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprising, such as the provinces of NghaAn and He Tinh. 2) These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the electrical fuses of Vietnam when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.

Q17. How was the Indo-Chinese community party established?

Ans.17 In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese communist party. [Vietnam Cong San Dang] later renamed the Indo-China Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European Communist parties.

Q18. What were the challenges faced, by the New Republic of Vietnam?

 Ans.18 a. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor Bao Dai, as their puppet faced with the French offensive. The Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

 b. In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and South were split. Ho Chi Minh and the communist took power in the North while Bao Dai's regime was put in power in the South.

c. This division set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battle field bringing death and destruction to its people as well as the environment. d. The Baa Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem. He built a repressive and authoritarian government.

Q19. Explain the causes of the U-S involvement in the war in Vietnam.

Ans.19A) The USA was haunted by the fear of the spread of communism which to her was a potent danger to the capitalist world. USA was ready t9 fight against communism in any part of the world. So when communism raised in Vietnam, USA entered the war B) so the war grew out of a fear among US policy planners that the victory .of Ho chi Minh Government would start a power domino effect and communist govt. would be established in other countries of the W9rld. They underestimated the of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country.

Q20. What role did the US media and films play during the US Vietnam war?

Ans.20 The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as well as criticizing the war. 1) Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John's Wayne's Green Berets (1968). This has been cited by many as an example of an unthinking propaganda film that was responsible for motivating many young men to die in the war. 2) Other films were more critical as they tried to understand the reason for this war. John Ford coppolo's Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that he war had caused in the U.S.

Q21. What effect did the involvement of US in the war have on life within the US itself? Ans.21 The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were against the government for getting involved in a war as they saw as indefensible. When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces [however could be waived for universities graduates]. This meant that many of those sent to fight did not belong to the privileged elite but were minorities and children of working class families. The US media and films played a major role in supporting as well as criticizing for the war.

Q22. Write short note on the evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of a porter on the Ho ChiMinh trail.

Ans.22 The US - Vietnamese war (165-75) was one of the most disastrous for both the countries as regard, money, men and materials. The US bombers destroyed the villages of Vietnamese and killed them in thousands. But with the spirit of nationalism the Vietnamese fought bravely against the mighty and super power of the world. They sacrificed their homes and family and lived under horrifying conditions and fought for independence. The porters too, played a crucial role in fighting against the most technologically advanced country in the world. They used the Ho Chi Minh trait - the immense network of roads and footpaths most heroically. The trail had support bases and hospital along the way. Supplies were transported and carried by porters, who were mostly women. These porters carried about 25 kilos on their backs or about 70 kilos on their bicycles. The US regularly bombed the trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. Most of the trail was outside Vietnam neighboring Loos and Cambodia with branches lines extending into South Vietnam.

Q23. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam. Compare this.

Ans.23

 WOMEN AS WARRIORS

In the 1960, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. There were picture of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as brave and dedicated 1) Nguyen Thin Xvan for instance, was reputed to have shot down a jet with just twenty bullets. 2) As casualties in the war increased in 1960s women were urged to join the struggle in large numbers. 3) Many women responded and joined the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. Along the Ho Chi Minh trail young volunteers kept open 2195 km of strategic roads and guarded 2500 key points. They built six air strips, neutralized tens of thousands of bombs, transported cargo and shot down 15 planes.

 COMPARISON BETWEEN VIETNAMESE WOMEN & INDIAN

The Vietnamese women displayed great- heroism and patriotism in their fight against imperialist power. But Indian women equally proved their bravery against British rule. Rani Laxmi Bai, Vijaya Laxmi Pandit, Aruna Asif Ali, Smt. Indira Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Nehru and many others whose names cannot be forgotten and who adorn the pages of the history' of national struggle for independence. Rani Gaidilu at the very young age of 13 raised revolt against the British rule but was captured in 1932 and remained in jail up to 1947.Women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, picketed foreign cloth and went to jail.

Q24. Write short note on the end of US-Vietnam war.

Or How did the war came to an end?

Or Why it is called as first television war?

 Ans.24 The long war created strong reactions even within the US. It was clear that the US had failed to achieve its objectives. The Vietnamese resistance had been crushed, the support of the Vietnamese people for US action had not been won. 1) In the meantime, thousands of young US soldiers had lost their lives, and countless Vietnamese civilians had been killed. 2) This was war that has been called the first television war. Battle scenes were shown on the daily news programs. 3) Many became disillusioned with what the US was doing and writers such as Mary McCarthy, and actors like Jane Fonda even visited North Vietnam and praised their heroic defense of the country. 4) The scholar Noam Chomsky called the war 'the greatest threat to peace, to the national self determination, and to international cooperation. 5) The widespread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to negotiate an end to the war. A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974. This ended conflict with the US but fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF (National Liberation Front) continued. 6) The NLF occupied the presidential palace on Saigon on 30th April 1975 and unified Vietnam.

Q25. Write a short note on Huynh Phu so or Hao Hao movement.

Ans.25 Hao Hao movement began in 1939 and gained great popularity in the fertile Mekong delta area. It drew on religious ideas popular in anti French uprisings of the 19th century. 1) Huynh Phu So was the founder of Hao movement He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal. He also opposed the sale of brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. 2) The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So. They declared him mad, called him the mad bonze, and put him in a mental asylum. Interestingly, the doctor who, had to prove him became his follower, and finally in 1941. Eve n the French doctor declared that he was sane. The French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

Q26. Explain the following terms

1) Concentration camp: A prison where people are detained without due process of law. The word speaks of a place of torture and brutal treatment.

 2) Syncretic : Aims to bring together different beliefs and practices, essential unity rather than their difference,

3) Indentured Labour: A form of labour widely used in plantations from the mid 19th century. Labourers worked on the basis of contracts that did not specify and rights of labourers but gave immense power to employers. Employers could bring criminal charges against labourers and punish and jail them for non-fulfillment of contract.

Class-IX

Chapter-5

Working Of Institutions

Q.1. Name the three institutions that play a key role in major decisions in India.

A-In India three institutions play a key role in major decisions, they are legislature, executive and judiciary.

Q.2. Why did Office Memorandum issued on August 13, 1990 create controversy?

A-On August 13, 1990, the Government of India issued an Order. It was called an Office Memorandum. This order became a source of controversy for several years. This Order announced a major policy decision. It said that 27 per cent of the vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India are reserved for the socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC). SEBC is another name for all those people who belong to castes that are considered backward by the government. The benefit of job reservation was till then available only to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Now a new third category called SEBC was introduced. Only persons who belong to backward castes were eligible for this quota of 27 per cent jobs. Others could not compete for these jobs.

Q.3. Who is the head of the state and the highest formal authority in the country?

A-President is the head of the state and is the highest formal authority in the country.

Q.4. Who is the head of the government that actually exercise all governmental powers?

A-Prime Minister is the head of the government and actually exercises all governmental powers. He takes most of the decisions in the Cabinet meetings.

Q.5. When was the Second Backward Classes Commission appointed? Who was its chairman?

A-The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P. Mandal. Hence it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.

Q.6. Why was Mandal Commission appointed?

A-The Mandal Commission was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.

Q.7. Why was recommendations of Mandal Commission opposed?

A-People strongly felt that this was unfair as it would deny equality of opportunity to those who did not belong to backward communities. They would be denied jobs even though they could be more qualified. Some felt that this would perpetuate caste feelings among people and hamper national unity.

Q.8. Who settles disputes arising out of governmental decisions?

A-The Supreme Court and the High Courts in India settle disputes arising out of governmental decisions.

Q.9. List some responsibilities of government.

A-The government is responsible for ensuring security to the citizens and providing facilities for education and health to all. It collects taxes and spends the money thus raised on administration, defence and development programmes. It formulates and implements several welfare schemes.

Q.10. Why are institutions needed in a democracy?

A-Several arrangements are made in all modern democracies. Such arrangements are called institutions. A democracy works well when these institutions perform functions assigned to them. The Constitution of any country lays down basic rules on the powers and functions of each institution.

Q.11. Give some examples of institutions that work for betterment of the country.

A-1.  The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are institutions that take all important policy decisions.

     2. The Civil Servants, working together, are responsible for taking steps to implement the ministers’ decisions.

      3. Supreme Court is an institution where disputes between citizens and the government are finally settled.

Q.12. Why dealing with institutions can be frustrating?

A-Working with institutions is not easy. Institutions involve rules and regulations. This can bind the hands of leaders. Institutions involve meetings, committees and routines. This often leads to delays and complications. Therefore dealing with institutions can be frustrating.

Q.13. why do democratic governments insist on institutions?

A-Institutions provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decision. Institutions make it difficult to have a good decision taken very quickly. But they also make it equally difficult to rush through a bad decision. That is why democratic governments insist on institutions.

Q.14. Discuss the importance of Parliament in the country.

A-Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. This task of law making or legislation is so crucial that these assemblies are called legislatures. Parliaments all over the world can make new laws, change existing laws, or abolish existing laws and make new ones in their place.

Q.15. How does Parliament exercise control over the government?

A-Parliaments all over the world exercise some control over those who run the government. In some countries like India this control is direct and full. Those who run the government can take decisions only so long as they enjoy support of the Parliament. Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country.

Q.16. In India what is the national assembly of elected representatives called?

A-In India national assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament. At the state level this is called Legislature or Legislative Assembly.

Q.17. Write a note on two houses of Parliament.

A-Since the Parliament plays a central role in modern democracies, most large countries divide the role and powers of the Parliament in two parts. They are called Chambers or Houses. One House is usually directly elected by the people and exercises the real power on behalf of the people. The second House is usually elected indirectly and performs some special functions. The most common work for the second House is to look after the interests of various states, regions or federal units.

Q.18. Name the two houses of Parliament in India.

A-In India, the Parliament consists of two Houses. The two Houses are known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

Q.19. why all laws made in the Houses come into force only after they receive the assent of the President?

A-The President of India is a part of the Parliament, although she is not a member of either House. That is why all laws made in the Houses come into force only after they receive the assent of the President.

Q.20. What is known as the upper house?

Rajya Sabha is called the ‘Upper Chamber’ or ‘Upper House.’

Q.21. What is known as the lower house?

Rajya Sabha is called the ‘Lower Chamber’ or ‘Lower House.’

Q.22. Which house is more powerful, Rajya Sabha or Lok Sabha?

Our Constitution does give the Rajya Sabha some special powers over the states. But on most matters, the Lok Sabha exercises supreme power.

Q.23. Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Explain.

A-Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.

Q.24. How does the Lok Sabha control the Council of Ministers?

A-The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the support of the majority of the members in the Lok Sabha is appointed the Prime Minister. If the majority of the Lok Sabha members say they have ‘no confidence’ in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit.

Q.25. Why is government known as executive?

A-At different levels of any government we find functionaries who take day-to-day decisions but do not exercise supreme power on behalf of the people. All those functionaries are collectively known as the executive. They are called executive because they are in charge of the ‘execution’ of the policies of the government. Thus, when we talk about ‘the government’ we usually mean the executive.

Q.26. What is meant by political executive?

A-One that is elected by the people for a specific period is called the political executive. Political leaders who take the big decisions fall in this category.

Q.27. What is meant by permanent executive?

People that are appointed on a long-term basis are called the permanent executive or civil services. Persons working in civil services are called civil servants. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes. These officers work under political executive and assist them in carrying out the day-to-day administration.

Q.28. Discuss the appointment of the Prime Minister.

A-Prime Minister is the most important political institution in the country, yet there is no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister. The President appoints the Prime Minister. But the President cannot appoint anyone she likes. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister. In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support.

Q.29. What is the tenure of Prime Minister?

A-The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.

Q.30. Can a person become minister even if he is not a Member of Parliament?

Yes, a person can become minister even if he is not a Member of Parliament, but such a person has to get elected to one of the Houses of the Parliament within six months of appointment as minister.

Q.31. What is the official name for the body that includes all the Ministers?

A-Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the Ministers. It usually has 60 to 80 Ministers of different ranks.

Q.32. Who are Cabinet Ministers?

A-Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of the major ministries. Usually the Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers. Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It comprises about 20 ministers.

Q.33. Who are Ministers of State with independent charge?

A-Ministers of State with independent charge are usually in-charge of smaller Ministries. They participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited.

Q.34. Who are Ministers of State?

Ministers of State are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers.

Q.35. why parliamentary democracy is often known as the Cabinet form of government?

A-Since it is not practical for all ministers to meet regularly and discuss everything, the decisions are taken in Cabinet meetings. That is why parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet form of government. The Cabinet works as a team. The ministers may have different views and opinions, but everyone has to own up to every decision of the Cabinet.

Q.36. What is Cabinet Secretariat?

A-Every ministry has secretaries, who are civil servants. The secretaries provide the necessary background information to the ministers to take decisions. The Cabinet as a team is assisted by the Cabinet Secretariat. This includes many senior civil servants who try to coordinate the working of different ministries.

Q.37. What are powers of Prime Minister?

A-As head of the government, the Prime Minister has wide ranging powers. He chairs Cabinet meetings. He coordinates the work of different Departments. His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between Departments. He exercises general supervision of different ministries. All ministers work under his leadership. The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers. He also has the power to dismiss ministers. When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits.

Q.38. What difficulties are faced by Prime Minister in coalition governments?

A-The Prime Minister of a coalition government cannot take decisions as he likes. He has to accommodate different groups and factions in his party as well as among alliance partners. He also has to heed to the views and positions of the coalition partners and other parties, on whose support the survival of the government depends.

Q.39. The President is considered as ceremonial head. Explain.

A-In our political system the President as the head of the State exercises only nominal powers. The President of India is like the Queen of Britain whose functions are to a large extent ceremonial. The President supervises the overall functioning of all the political institutions in the country so that they operate in harmony to achieve the objectives of the state.

Q.40. How is the President elected?

A-The President is not elected directly by the people. All the Members of Parliament (MPs) and

Members of State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect her. A candidate standing for President’s post has to get a majority of votes to win the election. This ensures that the President can be seen to represent the entire nation. At the same time the President can never claim the kind of direct popular mandate that the Prime Minister can. This ensures that she remains only a nominal executive.

Q.41. Discuss the powers of the President.

A-All governmental activities take place in the name of the President. All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in her name. All major appointments are made in the name of the President. These include the appointment of the Chief Justice of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court as well as the High Courts of the states, the Governors of the states, the Election Commissioners, ambassadors to other countries, all international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the President. The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India.

Q.42. When does the bill become the law?

A-A bill passed by the Parliament becomes a law only after the President gives assent to it. If the President wants, she can delay this for some time and send the bill back to the Parliament for reconsideration. But if the Parliament passes the bill again, she has to sign it.

Q.43. Can the President exercise her discretion while appointing the Prime Minister?

When a party or coalition of parties secures a clear majority in the elections, the President, has to appoint the leader of the majority party or the coalition that enjoys majority support in the Lok Sabha. When no party or coalition gets a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President exercises her discretion. The President appoints a leader who in her opinion can muster majority support in the Lok Sabha.

Q.44. What is the judiciary?

A-All the courts at different levels in a country put together are called the judiciary. The Indian judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the states, District Courts and the courts at local level.

Q.45. India has an integrated judiciary. Explain.

A-India has an integrated judiciary. It means the Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. Its decisions are binding on all other courts of the country. It can take up any dispute:

·         Between citizens of the country

·         Between citizens and government

·         Between two or more state governments

·         Between governments at the union and state level.

Q.46. Which is the highest court of appeal?

A-Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the decisions of the High Courts.

Q.47. What does the independence of the judiciary mean?

A-Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power.

Q.48. How are the judges of Supreme Court and High Court appointed?

A-The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In practice it now means that the senior judges of the Supreme Court select the new judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts. There is very little scope for interference by the political executive.

Q.49. Who appoints the senior most judge of the Supreme Court?

A-The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is usually appointed by the Chief Justice.

Q.50. Discuss the process for removing the judges.

A-Once a person is appointed as judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court it is nearly impossible to remove him or her from that position. It is as difficult as removing the President of India. A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-thirds members of the two Houses of the Parliament.

Q.51. The judiciary in India is also one of the most powerful in the world. Explain.

A-The judiciary in India is also one of the most powerful in the world. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country. They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether at the Union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the Constitution.

Q.52. What is meant by judicial review?

A-The Supreme Court determines the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as the judicial review.

Q.53. What is public interest litigation?

The citizens have a right to approach the courts to seek remedy in case of any violation of their rights. In recent years the Courts have given several judgments and directives to protect public interest and human rights. Any one can approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actions of government. This is called public interest litigation.

Q.54. why does the judiciary enjoy a high level of confidence among the people?

A-The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s power to make decisions. They check malpractices on the part of public officials. That is why the judiciary enjoys a high level of confidence among the people.

Q.55. Define coalition government.

A government formed by an alliance of two or more political parties, usually when no single party enjoys majority support of the members in a legislature.

Q.56. Define legislature.

A-Legislature is an assembly of people’s representatives with the power to enact laws for a country. In addition to enacting laws, legislatures have authority to raise taxes and adopt the budget and other money bills.

Q.57. Define reservations in the political context.

A-A policy that declares some positions in government employment and educational institutions reserved for people and communities, who have been discriminated against, are disadvantaged and backward.

History notes,Class-X

Chapter-3

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

QUESTION /ANSWER

 LESSON-1. THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOERATION

 Q1. How did the first world war help in the growth of National Movement in India

Ans. 1. The war created a new political and economic situation. 2. War led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes like custom duties and introduction of Income tax. 3. Increase in price between year 1913-1918- leading to extreme hardship for the common people. 4. Forced recruitment - Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused anger among villagers. 5. Failure of crops in 1918-1919 and 1920-21, led to acute shortage of food. 6. Spread of Epidemic - Acc. To the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of the famines and the epidemic.

Q2. When did Gandhiji come to India ? Discuss his new mode of struggle.

Ans. 1. Mahatama Gandhiji came to India in January 1915. 2. His new mode of struggle was satyagraha. 3. The idea of satyagraha emphsised the power of truth and need to search for truth. 4. Acc. To satyagraha , if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. 5. Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win battle through nonviolence.

Q3. What was the Rowlatt Act ?

Ans. 1. It was an act which gave the government enormous power to repress political Activities. 2. It allowed that govt. could arrest anybody without a trial for two years.

 Q4. Discuss the Indians reaction to the Rowlatt Act. How did the british suppress their movement.

Ans. 1. Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. 2. The alarmed British admi9nistration responded by repressive measures. Like local leaders were picked up from Amritsar Mahatama Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi, on 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession. 3. Martial law was imposed .

Q5. How did Jallianwala Bagh incident take place ?

Ans. 1. On 13 April , a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. 2. Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. 3. Gen. Dyer entered the area , blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. 4. His object was to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror .

Q6. What was Khilafat Movement ?

Ans. 1. The First world war had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. 2. There was rumour that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman empire- the spiritual head of the Islamic world the calipha would be over thrown . 3. To defend the power of Khalifa, a Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. 4. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brother Muhammad Ali and And Shaukar Ali started Khilafat movement with the support of Gandhiji against the injustice done to the Khalifa.

Q7. Why did Gandhiji launch Non- cooperation movement ?

Ans. 1. Acc. To Gandhiji , the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. 2. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year , and sawraj would come.

Q8. How could non- cooperation become a movement ?

Ans. 1. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. 2. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the govt. awarded, and a boycott of civil service, army, police, courts, and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods. 3. In case the govt. used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign woul be launched.

Q9. Why was non-cooperation movement withdrawn by Gandhiji ?

Ans. 1. Chauri- chaura is a small town in Uttar Pradesh. 2. The non-cooperation movement was at its peak. It had evoked country wide. 3. The non-cooperation movement was designed as non-violent movement. 4. But in Chauri-Chaura, people turned violent and set fire to police station. It caused the death of 22 policemen. 5. Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation movement on the account of the violence.

 LESSON-2 DIFFERENT STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT

Q1. Why did non-cooperation movement gradually slowed down in the cities ?

 Ans. The non-cooperation movement in cities allowed down for a variety of reasonsa. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. b. The boycott of British institution posed a problem , for the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of British ones. These were slow to come up. c. So , the teachers and students began trickling back to govt. schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts. Q1. When did Non-cooperation – Khilafat Movement begin ? Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement began in Jan 1921.

Q2. Why was Non-Cooperation movement launched ?

Ans. a. To protest against the Jallianwala Bagh incident. b. To support the demand for swaraj as well as Khilafat.

Q3. Describe in brief , the non-cooperation movement in the towns.

Ans. Participants- The movement started with middle class people. Activities - Students leftgovt. Controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned andm lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted min most provinces except Madras. Effects – foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922. Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. Indians discarded imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, as a result production of Indian Textile mills and handlooms went up.

 Q4. Why did non-cooperation slow down in the cities ?

 Ans. 1. Non-cooperation Movement gradually slowed down because Khadi was more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. 2. There were no alternative Indian Institution which could be used in place of the British ones. 3. So students and teachers began going back to govt. schools and lawyers joined back work in govt. court.

Q5. Describe , in brief, the movement of Awadh peasants .

 Ans. Leader - Baba Ramchandra – He was a sanyasi . He had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. Why they joined the movement :- They launched the movement against rich landlords and talukadars who demanded high land revenue and other cesses. Peasants were forced to perform beggar on the land of the talukadars. The peasants demanded reduction of land revenue and abolition of beggar. Movement- Nai-dhobi bandh were organized by panchayat to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen. Congress support to Awadh peasants – The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by J.L. Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. Over 300 branches of it had been set up in the villages around the region.

Q6. Why was the Congress unhappy with peasants movement ?

Ans. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukadars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grains hoards were taken over, The local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be pid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all action and aspirations.

Q7. Describe in brief the Tribal peasants (Gudem Hills)movement.

 Ans. Reason – a. The tribals were suffering from various miseries , the colonial govt. had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle , or to collect fuelwood and fuel. b. The traditional tribal rights were being denied. c. The govt. forced the hill people to contribute begar for road building. d. All these enraged the tribals and they revolted. Leader - The tribal movement was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers. He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. The rebels proclaimed he was an incarnation of God. Movement/Activities- The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju captured and executed in 1924, and overtime became a folk hero.

Q8. Explain the condition of the plantation workers during the colonial rule. Describe in brief their movement against british.

Ans. a. Workers in plantations had to live and work under harsh conditions. b. They were confined within enclosed areas- freedom of movement was restricted. c. Inland Emigration Act (1859) – Under this act, tea plantations workers were not permitted to leave the tea garden without permission Movement – When they heard of the non-cooperation movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone could be given land in their own villages.They stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up

LESSON-3 TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

 Q1. Examine the role of following in the Civil- disobedience Movement What were their hopes and expectation for the civil – disobedience movement.

a.    The rich peasants

b.    . The poor peasants

c. The businessmen

d. Industrial working class

e. Women

a. The Rich Peasants - i. The rich peasant communities- like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh- were active in the movement. ii. They were the producers of commercial crops, they were depressed by the trade depression and falling prices. iii. As their cash income disappeared , they found it impossible to pay the govt. revenue’s demand . iv. The refusal of the govt. to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. v. Thus , these rich peasants became supporters of the civil disobedience movement.

b. The poor Peasants – i. the Poor peasants were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords. ii. As the depression continued and their incomes fell, they found it difficult to pay the rent. iii. For them, the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high rents. iv. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted. v. The congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent campaigns’ because they felt that it might upset the rich peasants and landlords.So the relationship between the poor peasants and the congress remained uncertain.

c. The Business Class: During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful. ii. They were keen on expanding their business , so they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. iii. To organize business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of commerce and Industries (FICCI) iv. Purushottamdas Thakurdas and G.D.Birla , the industrialist attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. v. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

d. The Industrial working class. They did not participate in the Civil disobedience movement. ii. As the Industrialist came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof. iii. Some workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience movement, selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian Programme, like boycott of foreign goods. iv. Their movement was against low wages and poor working condition. v. Their were strikes by railway workers and dockworkers. vi. In Chotanagpur tin mines , workers wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns. vii. The congress was not interest in including worker’s demand as part of its programme of struggle because they knew that such issues might upset the businessmen.

 e. The women:Thousand of women came out of their homes to listen Gandhiji and participated in Salt March. ii. They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. iii. They went to jail. iv. These women were from high-caste families in urban areas. v. In rural areas they came from rich peasant households. vi. The Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority, it was keen only on their symbolic presence.

LESSON-3 TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

Q1. Why was Swaraj Party formed ? Ans. 1. In Feb 1922, ,Mahatama Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. 2. Within the congress leaders were not by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that h ad been set up by the Govt. of India Act of 1919. 3. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils . 4. That is why they formed the ‘Swaraj Party’ within the congress to argue for a return to council politics.

Q2. Mention two features that shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s.

Ans. 1. Due to the effects of the worldwide economic depression, agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1926. 2. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay their revenue.

 Q3. Why was Simon Commission set to India ?

Ans. 1. The New Tory govt. in Britain constituted a statutory commission under Sir John Simon . 2. The commission was sent to India to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. 3. It arrived in India in 1928.

Q4. Why and how was the Simon Commission opposed by the Indians ?

Ans.. 1. The simon commission was boycotted by the Indians because the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British. 2. When the simon commission arrived in India, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’. 3. All parties , including the congress and the Muslim league, participated in the demonstrations.

Q5. What did Lord Irwin do to win Indians ?

Ans. 1. In an effort to win Indians, the viceroy ,Lord Irwin , announced in Oct 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future , and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. 2. He invited political parties in a ‘ Round table conference ‘ to discuss a future constitution.

Q6. What is the difference between Non-cooperation and Civil disobedience movement ? Ans. During the Non-Cooperation movement people were asked not to cooperate with the British. But during the Civil disobedience movement people were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break the colonial laws.

Q7. Describe the different features of the civil disobedience movement .

Ans. 1. People in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of govt. salt factories. 2. Foreign cloth was boycotted , and liquor shops were picketed. 3. Peasants refused to pay revenue, and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned. 4. Forest people violated forest laws- going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

Q8. What did British Govt. do to control Civil disobedience movement ? How did Indian nationalist then reacted ?

 Ans. 1. They began to arrest the Congress leaders like Abdul Ghaffar Khan Ia devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. Then angry Indians demonstrated in the street of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed. 2. Mahatma Gandhi ji was arrested a month later, then industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations- all structures that symbolized British rule. 3. Peaceful satygrahis were attacked , women and children were beaten, and about 1 lakh people were arrested.

Q9. What was Gandhi-Irwin Pact ?

Ans. 1. When British govt responded with a policy of brutal repression against the Civil disobedience movement. Mahatama Gandhiji decided to call off the movement. 2. He entered into a pact with Irwin on 5th March 1931. 3. Under this pact , Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London. 4. The British Govt. agreed to release the political prisoners.

Q10. Why was Second Round table Conference failed ?

Ans. 1. It was attended by the Indian princes and the representatives of the communal parties, each of them had their own individual agenda. 2. Gandhiji, as a representative of the Congress , represented the national movemtn. 3. The British Govt. refused to concede the demand for a dominion status to India. 4. The talks broke down and Gandhiji returned to India to revive the Civil disobedience Movement.

 LESSON-4 SENSE OF BEONGINGNESS

Q1. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop A sense of collective belonging ?

Ans.. 1. The sense of belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. 2. There were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. 3. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. 4. Nationalism spread when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.

Q2. How did figure or image symbolizing nation unite the people ?

 Ans. 1. Figure or image of nation or we can say image of Bharat Mata helps to create a feeling of belongingness with the nation. 2. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, which helped a lot in the growth of nationalism . that the identity of the India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. 3. Abanindranath also painted his first image of Bharat mata, Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

Q3.. How did idea of nationalism develop through a movement to revive Indian folklore ?

Ans. 1. In late 19th century India, nationalists began recording folktales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. 2. These tales , they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by the outside forces. 3. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past. 4. In Bengal Rabindranath Tagore himself collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival.

Q4. How did national flag become symbol in unifying people ?

Ans. 1. As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people. 2. During the swadeshi movement in Bengal, tricolour flag(red,green, and yellow) was designed. It had 8 lotuses representing 8 provinces of British India, and had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. 3. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag, It was a tricolour (red,green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self help. 4. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

Q5. How did ‘Reinterpretation of history’ create a feeling of nationalism ?

 Ans. 1. By the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history should be reinterpreted. 2. The british saw India as backward and primitive incapable of governing themselves. 3. In response, Indians began looking into the past to disvocer India’s great achievements. 4. Indians started writing about the glorious developments in ancient times, how art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished. 5. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonized. SOURCE PAGE 55 :-

Q1. Who explained Satyagraha ? Ans. Gandhiji

Q2. Define satyagraha.

Ans. Satyagraha is a pure soul force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. It implies Non-violence. Q3. Is the satyagraha a weapon of the weak ? Ans. Non violence is Active resistance, it calls for intense activity. It can be used by strong only. Q4. What is Non-violence ? Ans. It is the supreme drama. No one should hit others. SOURCE PAGE 59 :- Q1. Why was J.L. Nehru stopped by the police ? Ans. He was stopped by the police, so that the law and order should not be disturbed . Q2. Who behaved as brave man ? Ans. The peasants.

Q3. Who was the great leader about whom Nehru Ji thought ?

Ans. Gandhiji was the Great Leader. Q4. What was the moment , when Nehru ji’s blood was up ? Ans. When police stopped Nehru ji, he became agitated and angry.

SOURCE PAGE 63 :-

 Q1. Mention the year of the Independence day Pledge. Ans. 26 January, 1930 at Lahore Session.

Q2. What is the inalienable right of the Indian people. Ans. To have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life.

Q3.. How British Govt. ruined and exploited India on different points ?

Ans. They exploited the masses and has ruined India, economically , politically, and Culturally.

 Q4. How can we get Purna Swaraj ? Ans. India must sever the British connection to attain Purna Swaraj.

Q5. In what two ways the British rule in India oppressive ?

 Ans. The British Govt. deprived the Indian people of their freedom and also exploited them economically.

SOURCE PAGE 69

Q1. Who spoke above words ?

 Ans. Sir Mohd. Iqbal , Presidence of the Muslim League .

Q2. What did he think about the units of Indian Society ?

Ans. In his opinion the units of the Indian society were not territorial as in the European countries.

Q3. Why did he wanted to retain separate electorates for the Muslims ?

Ans. Because of their (Muslims) general economic inferiority, enormous debts and their insufficient majority to justify the demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India.